. No.	Topic Name	Prelims/Mains
1.	About the Hate Speech	Prelims & Mains
2.	Details of the Leader of Opposition	Prelims & Mains
3.	About the Cheetah Reintroduction in India	Prelims & Mains
4.	Details of the DGCA	Prelims & Mains

1 – About the Hate Speech:

GS III

Topic à Internal Security of India

 ·       Context:

 ·       The Indian Election Commission (ECI) has argued before the Supreme Court that it must rely on the Representation of People (RP) Act and the Indian Penal Code (IPC) to ensure that members of political parties do not make statements that could cause conflict among social groups because there is no specific law that forbids hate speech and rumor-mongering during elections.

 ·       What Is Hate Speech, Exactly?

 ·       Hate speech is when someone incites hatred toward a certain group of people who are marginalised due to their religion, sexual orientation, gender, or other characteristics.

·       The Law Commission’s 267th report on hate speech asserts that such statements have the potential to motivate individuals and entire societies to engage in acts of terrorism, genocide, and ethnic cleansing.

 ·       Why is it crucial to put an end to hate speech?

 ·       Internal Security: A phoney movie that fanned racial tensions was the catalyst for the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots.

·       causing crazy emotions

·       Lynching deception and fabrications by the Delhi Riots

 ·       What Must Be Done:

 ·       In order to combat fake news on their platforms in India, the largest social media giants in the world, including Facebook, Google, Twitter, and ByteDance, are considering forming a wide coalition.

·       To pinpoint the origin of this false information, the Indian Election Commission must collaborate with tech firms.

·       Educate potential customers.

·       To enable people to engage at a deeper level, the government should offer a policy framework on the possible harm caused by online messaging services.

·       levying significant penalties, such as those found in Germany, where failure to remove illegal content from platforms can result in fines of up to €50 million.

 ·       The opportunity is now for:

 ·       Marginalized people are pushed outside of the social, economic, and political sectors of society by the dissemination of hate speech and the encouragement of prejudice. It is often believed to be a precursor to ethnic cleansing at its worst.

·       Public authorities who fail to take action to stop vigilante organisations from sowing discord among communities, inciting hatred against fellow citizens, and enforcing the law without regard to the repercussions must be held accountable for failing in their duty of care and for disobeying this court’s orders.

 ·       Laws relating to Hate Speech:

 ·       Under Section 153A IPC, both actions that incite hostility between distinct groups based on things like religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc. as well as actions that thwart attempts to uphold harmony are prohibited.

·       Imputations and pronouncements that are harmful to national integration are prohibited by Section 153B of the IPC.

·       “Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to offend religious emotions of any class by insulting its religion or its beliefs” are prohibited, according to Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code.

·       It is forbidden to make “utterances, comments, etc., with deliberate intent to offend the religious sensitivities of any person,” as stated in Section 298 of the IPC.

·       Publishing or disseminating any comment, rumour, or report that promotes animosity or enmity between classes is prohibited by Section 505 of the IPC.

·       Hate speech is divided into two categories by Part VII of the Representation of People Act, 1951: electoral offences and corrupt practises.

 ·       Different Committees and Their Opinions:

 ·       Mr. T. K. Viswanathan:

 ·       It led to a research that suggested stricter laws to forbid online hate speech and the incitement of hatred.

·       It proposed adding Sections 153 C (b) and 505 A to the Indian Penal Code (IPC) that would make it illegal to incite someone to commit a crime based on that person’s race, caste, or community, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, place of birth, place of residence, language, disability, or tribe.

 ·       Bezbaruah:

 ·       In 2014, the Center established it in response to a wave of racist assaults against inhabitants of the northeast.

·       It has suggested adding two more stringent anti-racial discrimination sections to the IPC.

 Source à The Hindu

 

2 – Details of the Leader of Opposition:

GS II

 Topic à Indian Parliament

 ·       Context:

 ·       Senior Congressman Jairam Ramesh said on Sunday that people who want to use the grand old party as the focal point of an opposition front are living in a “fool’s paradise” and that the grand old party cannot fulfil that role.

 ·       Where did the term “leader of the opposition” come from?

 ·       G V Mavalankar served as the Lok Sabha’s first Speaker. It is now common knowledge that Mavalankar’s rule designates the opposition leader in the chamber.

·       According to Mavalankar’s rules, a party’s leader must hold at least 55 seats, or 10% of the total number of members in the House, in order to be declared as the leader of the opposition.

·       A national political party has just declared that, due to a lack of supporters, it would not contest for the position of Leader of the Opposition in Parliament.

·       The second-largest party in the house has only 52 members, which is three fewer than the necessary number.

 ·       What significant responsibilities are the opposition leader responsible for?

 ·       The leader of the opposition is responsible for the following:

 ·       Choosing opposition members to serve as shadow ministers, serving as the opposition’s main spokesperson, running meetings where the opposition assesses laws and discusses policy options, and organising the opposition during a federal election are all examples of opposition leadership.

 ·       What Does It Mean to Be the Parliamentary Opposition Leader?

 ·       The opposition leader is often referred to as the “Shadow Prime Minister.” If the government must be disbanded due to an unforeseen event, the Leader should be prepared to take over.

·       The absence of such a Leader of the Opposition would make India weaker because they wouldn’t be able to unite against the ruling party.

·       The opposition’s leader is crucial to the organization’s ability to work cohesively and effectively on legislative and policy matters.

·       Additionally, it aids in ensuring impartiality when selecting members for institutions that foster accountability and transparency, such as the CVC, CBI, Lokpal, and CIC.

·       A further responsibility of the opposition leader is to keep an eye out for violations of minority rights. If they think the government is attempting to escape parliamentary monitoring, they can also ask for discussions on these important topics.

·       The Public Accounts Committee, which was established to keep an eye on governing party spending, is presided over by the leader of the opposition.

 ·       What standards are utilised to choose the opposition leader?

 ·       The steps for selecting the opposition leader are clearly outlined.

·       Upon request by the opposition party with the largest numerical representation, the designated leader of each opposition party shall be acknowledged as the opposition leader.

·       The speaker or chairman thanks the requester after her or his secretariat has reviewed the request.

 ·       Conclusion:

 ·       The Leader of an Opposition has highly specific responsibilities to the state and the Parliament under India’s nearly unique system of administration. In the current Government, the Leader of the Opposition plays a crucial role in problems affecting the security and safety of the realms, such as foreign threat. Even while he continues to criticise the administration, he must in some ways be a pillar of support for it. He has to faithfully perform these two obligations.

 Source à The Indian Express

 

3 – About the Cheetah Reintroduction in India:

Prelims Specific Topic

 ·       Context:

 ·       On September 17, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi released some cheetahs into Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. Eight cheetahs, five of which are female, were carried by helicopter to the grasslands of Kuno Palpur after being flown from Windhoek, Namibia, to Gwalior.

 ·       Reintroduction info: 

·       The act of returning a creature to its natural environment alone constitutes its reintroduction.

·       Support for the reintroduction of large carnivores as a means of protecting endangered species and restoring ecosystem services has grown.

·       The only extinct member of the big cat family is the cheetah, primarily due to overhunting in India in the past.

·       Much like Project Tiger did for forests and all the species that have witnessed an increase in population, the protection of the cheetah will revitalise grasslands, as well as their biomes and habitat.

 ·       Extinction Causes:

 ·       The cat went extinct in India because of hunting, habitat loss, and a lack of suitable prey, like black buck, gazelle, and hare (1952).

·       Climate change’s start and the growth of the human population have only made these issues worse.

·       Reintroduction Action Plan: With support from the Wildlife Institute of India and the Wildlife Trust of India, the ministry will move 8–12 cheetahs from South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana.

·       The animal is most prevalent in these nations.

 ·       Due to its ideal climate and abundant prey base, Kuno Palpur National Park in Madhya Pradesh would be home to the big cats.

 ·       Details about the cheetah:

 ·       With ancestors who lived more than five million years ago during the Miocene period, the cheetah is one of the oldest big cat species.

·       The cheetah is the fastest land mammal on the planet, and it may be found in both Asia and Africa.

Source à The Down To Earth Magazine

 

4 – Details of the DGCA:

 Prelims Specific Topic

 ·       Context:

 ·       According to the directorate general of civil aviation, flight crews will once more be compelled to submit to mandatory breathalyser (BA) testing starting on October 15. (DGCA).

 ·       Information about DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation):

 ·       The law created this institution to govern civil aviation in India.

·       It was established by the Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020.

·       Investigating aviation-related occurrences, maintaining all aviation laws, and granting licences are among its responsibilities.

 Source à The Hindu