◇ The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave a constitutional status and
protection to co-operative societies.
◇ In this context, it made the following three changes in the constitution:
• It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article191).
• It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43 B2).
• It added a new Part IX-B in the onstitution which is entitled “The Co-operative Societies
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