27 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONSà DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Discuss some of the architectural and literature characteristics prevalent during the Delhi Sultunate.   Paper & Topic: GS I àIndian Culture ·        Model Answer: ·        The Delhi Sultanate’s architectural innovations: ·        The architectural practises on the subcontinent underwent a significant alteration during the Sultanate era. During this period, the Indo-Islamic architectural style began to develop. In this architectural style, the best elements of Islamic and Hindu design were combined. It wasn’t all Hindu or Islamic. ·        The fusion of Central Asian and Indian styles was influenced by many different sources. One of these elements was the Turkic and Afghan kings’ use of Indian “Craftsmen,” builders, and sculptors to introduce the Indian building style into Central Asian architecture. ·        Islamic and Indian art shared similarities in that they were both primarily decorative. Hindus adorned their structures with statues of countless gods and goddesses, in contrast to Muslims who drew square, triangular, parallel, and rectangular lines to reflect the Persian-scripted verses of the Koran. These circumstances led to the development of the Indo-Islamic architectural style, which was heavily influenced by the Hindu architectural style. ·        Literature published under the Delhi Sultanate: ·        The bulk of Turko-Afghan monarchs were military commanders, but a few of them also had a penchant for literature, which helped to produce some of the best works of literature of the time. There were many writers, poets, scholars, philosophers, logicians, theologians, attorneys, and chroniclers from varied backgrounds at the court of the Delhi Sultans. ·        The saints and religious reformers used plain language in their books, speeches, and sermons. In a number of languages, including Bengali, Maithili, Punjabi, Gurumukhi, Hindi, Marathi, and others, regional writing styles started to form about this time. Ramananda, Kabir, Surdas, and Tulsidas all preached in Hindi, along with Mirabai and a few other preachers and saints of the Radha-Krishna order. Q2. What are Green Crackers? Also discuss their significance.   Paper & Topic: GS III àEnvironmental Conservation ·        Model Answer: ·        What are Green Crackers: ·        “Green crackers” are low-emission firecrackers free of dangerous substances like lead, arsenic, barium, magnesium, or other heavy metals. ·        The National Environment and Engineering Research Institute of the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) in India invented green crackers. ·        Examples of this include bombs, pencils, flower pots, fireworks, and other objects. ·        What sets green crackers apart as superior? ·        Compared to conventional crackers, green crackers significantly reduce pollution. Safer replacements are used in place of barium and arsenic. ·        These crackers can lower emissions by up to 30%, according to CSIR. ·        Furthermore, compared to conventional crackers, they are quieter (between 100 and 130 dB) (160-200 decibels). ·        They are connected to occasions where less lethal fireworks were used. ·        What restrictions do they impose on it? ·        It must be made clear that these green firecrackers cannot be substituted for traditional firecrackers. They only cause less harm. ·        One of the main obstacles to its adoption is the fact that these crackers are only made by a small number of companies that have contracts with the CSIR. ·        The restricted supply of necessary raw materials is another issue.

26 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONSà DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What are the causes of rise of Naxalism and what are some of the government initiatives in this regard? ·       Paper & Topic: GS IIIàInternal Security of India ·        Model Answer: ·        What is Naxalism: ·        “Naxalism” is the term used by some people and organisations to describe the violent acts that tribal people and landless labourers do against landlords and other people. After Naxalbari gained notoriety for the left-wing rebellion that occurred in West Bengal in the late 1960s, the Naxalite movement gained popularity. It is now seen as the biggest danger to law and order in India. More than 150 districts are thought to be directly impacted by the movement, which has now moved to the hilly and forested regions of eight different states. ·        Reasons for growth of Naxalism: ·        tribal resentment: The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 prohibits tribal members from even harvesting a bark, despite the fact that their livelihoods depend on forest products. ·        The massive displacement of the indigenous population caused by mining activities, construction projects, and other events in the naxalized states. ·        Anyone without a reliable source of support is a prime candidate for maoistnaxalite recruitment. ·        These individuals receive money, weapons, and ammo from maoists. ·        Deficits in the nation’s socioeconomic structure: Instead of focusing on the progress accomplished in the naxal-affected areas, the government evaluates its performance based on the number of violent attacks. ·        weak technical intelligence: When it comes to combating naxalism, there is a lack of technological intelligence. Infrastructure problems, such as the fact that some areas are still only partially connected to communication networks, make it difficult to take action against naxalites. ·        Governmental methods for preventing naxalism: ·        Security personnel were heavily deployed in the naxal-affected areas as part of Operation Green Hunt, which began in 2010. In 2010, there were 223 districts plagued by naxalism; today, there are just 90. ·        Program for Aspirational Districts: The government has established a comprehensive approach to combat left-wing extremism that emphasises security, growth, securing the rights and entitlements of local populations, enhancing governance, and managing public perception. ·        The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has launched Operation “SAMADHAN” to address the Naxal problem. Smart Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, Motivation and Training, Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard-based KPIs and KRAs, Leveraging Technology, Action Plans for Each Theatre, and No Access to Money are the acronyms for SAMADHAN. ·        The MHA has proposed technological solutions including trackers for firearms and smart guns with biometrics. ·        Gelatin sticks and explosives each have distinctive markings (UIDs). ·        Each unit of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) stationed in the Maoist hotbed operates at least one UAV or Mini UAV. ·        Moving ahead: ·        To counter naxalism, the central government must carry out a comprehensive national strategy. ·        A resolution can result from discussions between Naxal leaders and government representatives. ·        The administration needs to start having direct conversations with the Naxalites. ·        Employment: Increasing employment and pay is crucial. People had no choice but to join the Naxals due to the erratic work and housing conditions in the area. ·        Services for rehabilitation and relocation: Because there are mining operations, irrigation systems, businesses, etc. in the area without any planning for the return of displaced residents, the situation for the poor has only gotten worse. The rehabilitation of the impacted population needs to be given more thought. ·        Conclusion: ·        The LWE problem can be efficiently solved by adopting a comprehensive approach and placing a focus on security and development-related measures. ·        The Maoists should be put under additional pressure to give up violence, assimilate, and acknowledge that the socio-economic, political, and aspirations of 21st-century India differ dramatically from the Maoist worldview. This pressure should come from civil society and the media. Q2. Discuss about the recent proposal of introducing Hindi language in MBBS Education. What are some of its benefits and challenges posed by the same. ·       Paper & Topic: GS IIàSocial Sectors ·        Model Answer: ·        Context: ·        On October 16, as part of the Madhya Pradesh government’s initiatives to provide medical education in that language, the Union Home Minister issued the MBBS textbooks in Hindi. ·        As a result of the three courses in medical biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology’s texts being produced there, the state of Bhopal became the first in India to provide an MBBS programme in Hindi. ·        Additionally, the Union Minister stated initiatives being taken to provide technical and non-technical education in 8 additional languages. ·        What advantages exist? ·        The challenges rural students encounter in accessing medical education due to their poor English language skills is one of the main justifications in favour of this initiative. ·        It is well known that teaching students in their native tongue helps their learning. ·        Additionally, supporters have cited nations like China, Russia, Ukraine, Japan, and Norway as examples, where both technical and non-technical courses are only taught in their respective national tongues. ·        What flaws are there? ·        It should be mentioned that 52 out of the 170 institutions whose graduates are eligible to take the USMLE, the admission exam for practising medicine in the USA, offer the course in both English and Chinese in response to the arguments that use Chinese universities as an example. ·        Hindi should not be compared to German or Chinese given the diversity of Indian languages. Medical protocol and research are completely self-sufficient for the Chinese healthcare system. German-language primary sources are widely available in Germany. In India, the situation is different. ·        The medical profession is worried that this change may have the same unfavourable outcomes as the change from the NEET test pattern to NEXT. ·        How do we approach it? ·        The needs of the people should be considered rather than a political ideology when considering whether to undertake such a substantial change as changing the medium of education in a field as dynamic as medicine.

25 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONSà DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Discuss the process of formation of cyclones and also discuss its preparedness and mitigation strategy. ·       Paper & Topic: GS IàGeography ·        Model Answer: ·       Introduction: ·        About: ·        Tropical cyclones are powerful storm systems that form over tropical waters and hit land, bringing with them storm surge, torrential rain, and strong winds (squalls). ·        They are highly concentrated, erratic air currents that occur in low-pressure areas. The Coriolis force and the rapid rising of heated air are to blame for this confined airflow (whirling motion). The center’s low pressure is what is responsible for the swift winds. ·        Favourable conditions for the genesis of tropical cyclones: ·        an area of the ocean’s surface where the temperature exceeds 27 °C. ·        Cyclonic vortices can develop as a result of strong Coriolis forces. ·        The vertical wind speed varies very slightly. ·        a weak cyclonic circulation or low-pressure area that already exists. ·        the system’s upper divergence above sea level. ·        Why do tropical cyclones not develop in the tropical eastern oceans? ·        To avoid deep convection currents churning and mixing the warmer water at the surface with the cooler water below, warm water (26–27°C) should extend 60–70 m beneath the surface of the ocean or sea. ·        The aforementioned event only occurs in western tropical oceans because warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds speed up ocean waters towards west) that flow from east to west and form a thick layer of water with temperatures around 27°C only occur there. As a result, the storm gets enough moisture. ·        The eastern tropical waters’ surface temperatures are lowered by the cold currents, which prevents cyclonic storm development. ·        Cyclone mitigation and preparation strategies: ·        In order to illustrate the frequency/probability of occurrences of different intensities or durations of cyclones, the results of the cyclone hazard assessment are projected on a map. ·        preparing a land use plan There should be land use rules and adherence to building codes. ·        Instead of being used for human settlement, vulnerable regions should be maintained as parks, grazing areas, or flood diversion sites. ·        Environment Built Here are some excellent traditional construction techniques: constructing houses on mud mounds or stilts. ·        Wind and water resistance is a requirement for buildings. ·        Food storage structures need to be shielded from the wind and water. ·        In locations where they are anticipated to occur regularly, cyclone shelters are required. ·        Due to their high cost, cyclone shelter construction frequently requires government funding or contributions from outside sources. ·        Your decision on where to place cyclone shelters will be aided by the use of a geographic information system. Q2. What do you understand by Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM)? Also explain its challenges? ·       Paper & Topic: GS IIàSocial Issues ·        Model Answer: ·        Context: ·        India ranked first among the nations in a 2020 research collating claims of online child sexual abuse content (CSAM). 19.87 lakh or 11.7% of all reports, or the bulk, originate in India. ·        Experts claim that the lockdowns would have made the CSAM problem worse. ·        Strategy against CSAM by India: ·        In 2013, KamleshVaswani filed a lawsuit calling for the total ban of pornography. The advisory committee established under Section 88 of the IT Act issued a court decision directing Internet service providers to remove 9 URLs for hosting materials that violated Article 19’s morality and decency provision. ·        The IWF and the NGO Aarambh India, located in Mumbai, developed the nation’s first online portal for reporting photos and videos of child abuse in 2016. (An organisation that combats CSAM is called the Internet Watch Foundation.) The problematic URLs are chosen for banning after a knowledgeable staff evaluates the reports. Notably, only 122 of the 1,182 reports that were received up to 2018 contained CSAM. ·        The Home Affairs Ministry established a national reporting network for cybercrime in September 2018 to receive rape, gang rape, and child pornography accusations. Due to a lack of child porn and rape cases, the gateway was broadened to include all forms of cybercrime. ·        What are the difficulties? ·        According to the rules of the IT Act, it is illegal to watch, look for, share, and download child pornography in India. If they do not start the communication, ISPs are not responsible for any activities made by third parties. ·        This result was reached in the 2015 Shreya Singhal case because to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, which states that ISPs may only remove or block access to illegal online information after receiving notification from the government or learning of a court order. ·        It is uncommon to have access to CSAM circulation reporting online. ·        What should be done? ·        The ninth research from the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, Child Sexual Abusive Material: Model Legislation & Global Review, was published in 2018. ISPs are required to disclose CSAMs in more than 30 nations, according to the statement. India is additionally mentioned (though the Indian law has no such provision). ·        States are allowed to establish legal person accountability under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’s Optional Protocol. Both the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime and its Convention for the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse bind States to the same criteria. ·        India must join INHOPE and set up its own hotline before it can use Interpol’s safe system. ·        Conclusion: ·        It is crucial to protect children against exploitation, especially in light of the massive upheaval we are currently experiencing. The administration must carefully consider all of the options and decide on a course of action that is suitable for India’s circumstances.

24 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONSà DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. The Green Revolution and the benefits that flowed from it aided in the transformation of India’s economy from one of food scarcity to one of food surplus. It did, however, have its limitations. Analyse. (250 words) ·       Paper & Topic: GS IàPost Independence India ·        Model Answer: ·       Introduction: ·        The green revolution in India, pioneered by M.S Swaminathan in the 1960s and 1970s, was a period when Indian agriculture was transformed into an industrial system through the application of contemporary methods and technology such as HYV seeds, tractors, irrigation, pesticides, and fertilisers. According to the Economic Survey 2015-16, Indian agriculture has become cereal-centric, regionally biassed, and input-intensive as a result of its own success—especially the green revolution (land, water and fertilizers). ·       Body: ·        In a nutshell, India’s Green Revolution resulted in a significant rise in agricultural production and productivity, as well as a reduction in food-grain imports. Agriculture’s ties to industry have been strengthened by the adoption of new technology and modernization. Farmers prospered as a result of rural employment. ·        Green Revolution’s Limitations: ·        Focus on Food Grains Only: While all food grains, such as wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and maize, have benefited from the revolution, other crops, such as coarse cereals, pulses, and oilseeds, have been left out. ·        Cotton, jute, tea, and sugarcane, among other economic crops, were mostly unaffected by the Green Revolution. ·        Monocropping became a harmful tendency as a result of this. ·        HYVP Coverage Is Limited: ·        Only five crops were included in the High Yielding Variety Program (HYVP): wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and maize. ·        As a result, non-food grains were left out of the new strategy’s scope. ·        It resulted in significant regional differences in economic development at both the inter- and intra-regional levels. ·        Only 40% of the overall cultivated area benefited, while the rest remained unaffected. ·        Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh in the north, and Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the south, are the areas that have benefited the most. ·        It has largely avoided Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa, as well as dry and semi-arid portions of Western and Southern India. ·        Only those areas that were previously well off in terms of agriculture benefited from the Green Revolution, resulting in even greater regional inequities. ·        Synthetic fertilisers and pesticides are widely used: The Green Revolution resulted in widespread use of insecticides and synthetic nitrogen fertilisers for irrigation projects and crop types. ·        However, there was little or no attempt made to educate the farmers, who were primarily illiterate, about the increased risk connected with pesticide use. ·        This harmed crops more than it helped them, and it also polluted the environment and soil. ·        Water Consumption: During the green revolution, water-intensive crops were introduced. ·        Cereals, for example, accounted for nearly half of the dietary water footprint. ·        Canal systems were introduced, and irrigation pumps drained groundwater to provide water-intensive crops like sugarcane and rice, depleting groundwater levels in the process. ·        Punjab, for example, is a significant wheat and rice-growing region, making it one of India’s most water-scarce regions. ·        Impacts on Crop Production and Soil: ·        The soil’s nutrients were depleted as a result of repeated crop cycles in order to ensure higher crop yield. ·        Farmers boosted fertiliser use to match the demands of new types of seeds. ·        Because of the use of these alkaline compounds, the pH of the soil has risen. ·        Toxic substances in the soil wiped off helpful pathogens, resulting in a decrease in output. ·        Farm mechanisation under the Green Revolution resulted in widespread unemployment among agricultural labourers in rural areas, with the exception of Punjab and to a lesser extent Haryana. ·        The poor and landless labourers were the hardest hit. ·        Health Risks: ·        Phosphamidon, Methomyl, Phorate, Triazophos, and Monocrotophos, among other chemical fertilisers and pesticides, have been linked to a range of serious ailments, including cancer, renal failure, stillbirth, and birth deformities. ·       Conclusion: ·        The Green Revolution, which unmistakably put an end to the country’s “ship-to-mouth” life and turned it into a rice and wheat exporter. Despite its negative consequences, the green revolution’s success cannot be overlooked. The green revolution’s spillover impact resulted in the creation of farm mechanisation companies, which provided tractors, fertiliser and pesticides, and agro-based industries, among other things. ·        However, it has resulted in uneven agricultural expansion, resulting in regional and other inequities. India’s agriculture is suffering as a result of periodic droughts. As a result, a second green revolution is required. The second green revolution must be an Evergreen Revolution, in which technology is used in a way that is environmentally friendly. Q2. What circumstances contributed to the nationalisation of banks? Examine the impact on job generation and economic development. (250 words) ·       Paper & Topic: GS IàPost Independence India ·        Model Answer: ·       Introduction: ·        Since midnight on July 19, 1969, India has seen more than 50 years of bank nationalisation. It began with the nationalisation of 14 major lenders, which accounted for 85 percent of bank deposits in the country at the time, under then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1980, six more banks were nationalised. The primary goal of nationalisation was to re-energize priority industries at a period when huge corporations dominated credit profiles. ·       Body: ·        Factors and causes that led to bank nationalisation: ·        Despite the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, banks gave loans to rural areas and small scale borrowers at a far lower rate than the rest of the sector. ·        Agriculture credit was neglected: Between 1951 and 1968, commercial bank loans to industry virtually doubled, from 34 to 68 percent, while agriculture received less than 2%. The government of the time considered that banks were failing to serve its socioeconomic goals and that it needed to exert greater control over them. ·        Banking expansion: The goal was to ensure that the bank’s services

22 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONSà DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Explain the relevance of India’s efforts to shape the strategic and military dynamics of the Indian Ocean region while discussing the strategic significance of Indian Ocean islands and the challenges they face. (250 words) ·       Paper & Topic: GS II àInternational Relations ·       Model Answer: ·       Introduction: ·        As global power dynamics change from west to east, regional powers, especially China and India, have altered their geo-strategies and foreign relations focus to an ocean-based strategy. ·        The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is becoming increasingly important to the global order in general and the Indian subcontinent in particular. ·        The security of India’s national interests depends on a secure IOR. ·       Body: ·        The following are the main reasons for the increasing importance of Indian Ocean islands: ·        Their strategic location, which is critical for building a regional naval presence, as well as their proximity to sea lines of communication (SLOCs), which makes patrolling in the region easier in both peace and war. ·        The presence of these big countries in the Indian Ocean region, in the form of naval bases, trade, and infrastructure development aid, legitimises their status as security providers, allowing them to exert more influence in the region. ·        Islands in the Indian Ocean are strategically placed near vital transit routes, giving them access to and control over key chokepoints and waterways, and so their key geographies have the potential to affect geopolitical competition. ·        To the west of India, the islands of Socotra (Yemen), Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelles, which lie at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and South Asia, have gained strategic importance. ·        While Socotra is strategically placed at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden, which connects the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius, the Maldives, and the Seychelles have maritime zones spanning over one million square kilometres, giving them more rights in ocean waters. ·        Challenges: ·        India faces a challenge from China’s fast rising presence in the northern Indian Ocean, as well as the deployment of Chinese submarines and ships in the area. ·        Traditional risks include belligerent nations’ military presence and the resulting strategic rivalry, as well as terrorism, piracy, and illegal smuggling; non-traditional threats include climate change’s challenges, such as rising natural disasters and the loss of traditional livelihoods. ·        As a result, tight cooperation between these island nations and bigger coastal countries becomes a practical requirement, and it is important to the region’s stability. ·        India’s efforts are significant: ·        As part of strengthening its marine engagement, India has increased its cooperation with Indian Ocean littoral states and maritime neighbours. ·        The Navy conducts Joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surveillance with the Maldives, Seychelles, and Mauritius, as well as Coordinated Patrols (CORPAT) with Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia, as part of the ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy. ·        Search and rescue, as well as capability building, have emerged as important topics. ·        In addition to escorting Indian flagged vessels, other countries’ ships have also been protected. ·        India’s Indian Ocean policy, enshrined in “SAGAR – Security and Growth for All in the Region,” articulates the country’s vision for constructing a secure regional architecture, which includes “safeguarding mainland and islands, strengthening maritime neighbours’ capacities, and advancing peace and security” in the Indian Ocean Region. ·        For a country like India, the Indian Ocean’s island states have enormous strategic relevance in shaping the region’s geopolitical contours and guaranteeing maritime security and order. ·        The Indian islands of Andaman and Nicobar, as well as Lakshadweep, have aided the country in improving its maritime capabilities tremendously. ·        This allows India to keep a close eye on military and economic activity in and around the Strait of Malacca, as well as the western Pacific countries’ maritime entrance point into the Indian Ocean. ·        The Indian Navy has helped the islands of Mauritius, the Maldives, and the Seychelles chart ocean waters in order to secure marine security. ·        India has also spearheaded the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), which aims to strengthen maritime security through naval cooperation among its 35 members, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), which brings together 21 countries to work on security, governance, blue economy promotion, and cultural tourism. ·        The inclusion of the Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Madagascar in these multilateral forums demonstrates India’s attempts to foster security and development by incorporating all players, regardless of their economic or naval capabilities. ·       Conclusion: ·        India has charted the path to becoming a “influential” and “responsible” leader in the Indian Ocean region, echoing Alfred Mahan’s comments that “whoever attains control of the Indian Ocean, will dominate Asia.” Q2. It is imperative that the best of what digital currencies have to offer be integrated into the existing financial paradigm. Explain. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS IIIàIndian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life. ·        Model Answer: ·       Introduction: ·        Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that operate independently of a central bank and employ encryption techniques to govern the production of units of money and verify the transfer of funds. ·        It is built on the blockchain platform. ·        Anurag Thakur, the Union minister, stated that the government is willing to analyse and investigate emerging technologies, such as cryptocurrencies, in order to improve governance. ·       Body: ·        In India, cryptocurrencies are gaining popularity. ·        In 2018, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) outlawed banks and companies regulated by it from providing virtual currency (VC) services. ·        The Indian cryptocurrency sector has been decimated since the prohibition took effect in April 2018. ·        This provision was declared illegal by the Supreme Court. ·        The central government is expected to consider a new bill titled Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021, which has not yet been approved. ·        The Bill also aims to outlaw all private cryptocurrencies in India, with

21 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Throw light on the contribution of women during the Indian Freedom Struggle. ·       Paper & Topic: GS I àModern Indian History ·       Model Answer: ·        Women started taking part in the Indian independence movement as early as 1817. Gandhiji was the one who first advocated for widespread female participation in the struggle for independence, even though women had been involved in politics since the Indian National Congress was founded (Annie Besant founded the Home Rule League). This was true, especially during the Swadeshi movement. ·        Women’s participation in the fight for Indian freedom: ·        Before Gandhi’s arrival: ·        Bhima Bai Holkar’s valiant guerrilla campaign against British colonel Malcolm ultimately prevailed. ·        Prior to the 1857 Revolt, Maharani VeluNachiyar (1730–1796) bravely fought alongside the British troops. She was likely the final monarch to defeat British forces. ·        GauriParvati Bai, the queen of Travancore, promoted reform and stressed the importance of girls’ education, helping women in a variety of ways to overcome social and academic shame. ·        Two of the Ranis of Ramgarh, Rani Lakshmi Bai and Rani Tapasvini Maharani, each contributed significantly to the War of Independence (the Great Revolt) in 1857. ·        After Gandhi’s arrival: ·        Gandhi’s grassroots campaign attracted a lot of female participants. Due to her involvement in the Quit India Movement, Kasturba Gandhi was put behind bars; she passed away in Poona Jail. VijayaLaxmiPandit, who was imprisoned, actively took part in each act of civil disobedience between 1932 and 1941. In a similar way, Indira Gandhi enlisted a young “Monkey army.” ·        Social and Women’s Mobilization: Women were essential to the movement’s success because they took the initiative and wrote about it. Raj Kumari Kaur, the campaign’s creator, founded the All India Women’s Conference; other well-known women involved in the Quit India movement included ArunaAsaf Ali, who also published the journal “inquilab for mobilisation.” ·        Indian women also participated in the struggle against British rule. Renowned rebel leader KalapanaDatta participated in the raid on the Chittagong arsenal. Rani Gaidineliu, known as the “Queen of Naga,” was in charge of organising the movement’s resistance to the British. ·        The Free India Society was founded by BhikajiCama in the UK to advance the idea of independence on a global scale. He was also Mother India’s first cultural representative in the US. Vijay LaxmiPandit represented India at the UN meeting in San Francisco. Gandhi and Nehru joined Sarojni Naidu at the round table discussion. ·        Conclusion: ·        Women played a crucial role in the struggle for Indian independence as a result, emerging from the underclass to lead the movement. This impact cannot be quantified or categorised. In her book Mother India, author Katherine Mayo criticised Hindu men for treating women like property within the family. Q2. What is the role of and challenges faced by the women in the livestock sector of India. ·       Paper & Topic: GS III à Indian Agriculture ·       Model Answer: ·        How important is the livestock sector in India? ·        One of the sectors of the rural Indian economy that is growing the fastest is the cattle industry. In 2018–19, it contributed 5% and 28%, respectively, to the national income and the agricultural GDP. ·        Despite the crop farming industry only rising by 2% over the preceding six years, the sector expanded at a rate of 7.9%. ·        In what ways do women influence the livestock sector? ·        In rural India, 72% of women employees are involved in agriculture. ·        Studies have shown that women are regularly involved in animal husbandry in rural homes with cattle. ·        According to the National Cattle Policy of 2013, women make up more than 70% of the workforce in the cattle business. Notably, NLM has as one of its objectives the empowerment of women. ·        Dairy cooperatives had more than 5 million female members in 2015–16. In 2020–21, there will be 5.4 million additional female members. ·        What are the difficulties? ·        The NLM 2014–15 had serious worries about the expanding supply of feed and fodder, extension services, and loans for livestock farmers. It does not, however, provide any programmes geared exclusively toward female livestock farmers. State governments were urged to distribute just 30% of the funding from federally funded programmes for women. ·        This policy blind-spot is caused by the lack of gender-specific data. ·        For a number of reasons, the employment of women has not been sufficiently reported in labour force surveys: ·        In the cattle sector, working intermittently, or for short periods of time during the day, is typical. ·        Work is frequently done on homesteads in addition to housework. ·        As a result, women do not view taking care of these animals as a “economic” task. ·        How do we approach it? ·        A crucial first step in concentrating policy on female livestock farmers is data collection that is sufficiently comprehensive. ·        By accounting for women who spend the majority of the year performing “house duty” and “care work,” as well as family dairy, poultry farming, kitchen gardening, paddy husking, and other activities, official figures may be improved. ·        Conclusion: ·        India’s cattle industry has benefited greatly from the contributions of women farmers, who go unrecognised. We must honour rural women on this International Day of Rural Women and include them in all areas of livestock development.

20 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What is the importance of fundamental rights in India. Discuss. ·       Paper & Topic: GS II à Indian Constitution ·       Model Answer: ·        Citizens’ specific rights are upheld by the nation’s judicial system in democracies. The courts will not tolerate the violation, even when the state is at fault. India maintains the Constitution’s listed fundamental rights to human dignity. ·        Concept of fundamental rights: ·        Part III of the Indian Constitution guarantees a number of essential rights to every citizen (Articles 12 to 35). ·        Fundamental liberties are essential because they enable the development of an independent, informed, mature, moral, and spiritual citizen. ·        Part III of the Constitution is also referred to as the “Magna Carta of India.” ·        It contains a lengthy and detailed list of “justiciable” Fundamental Rights. ·        Significance: ·        They form the basis of the country’s democratic system. ·        They create the conditions for people’s moral and material protection. ·        They act as a tremendous barrier to the pursuit of personal freedom. ·        They encourage the growth of the country’s legal system. ·        They advocate for the rights of underprivileged people and socially marginalised groups. ·        They are in favour of the Indian State’s secular foundation. ·        They take into account the scope of governmental power. ·        They create the groundwork for equality and social justice. ·        They protect people’s dignity and respect. ·        Conclusion: ·        Because it was believed that the basic rights were crucial for upholding human dignity and respect as well as for each person’s personality development, they were integrated into the Constitution. Q2. Give details about the Antarctic Bill, 2022? Also discuss its features & importance. ·       Paper & Topic: GS II àGovernment Policies and Interventions ·       Model Answer: ·        What does the Bill’s core consist of? ·        The Indian Parliament has approved the Indian Antarctic Bill 2022. It offers a comprehensive legal framework that complies with India’s duties under treaties with regard to its actions on the arctic continent. ·        Objectives: ·        What it seeks to do is: ·        Environmental Protection Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty under the Convention for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources ·        The Bill also aims to protect the environment by regulating neighbourhood activity. ·        Applicability: ·        Every member of an Indian Antarctic mission, including troops, items, and aircraft, must abide by the Bill’s requirements. ·        Antarctica is mentioned in the law. ·        The continent, its ice shelves, and the neighbouring continental shelf; all islands, ice shelves, oceans, and airspace south of 60°S. ·        Key Features: ·        The Secretary of the Ministry of Earth Sciences will serve as the chair of the “Committee on Antarctic Governance and Environmental Protection,” which the central government plans to create. ·        Ten candidates from various ministries (military, external affairs, etc.), the National Center for Polar and Ocean Research, the National Security Council Secretariat, etc., who are not below joint secretary rank will make up this group. ·        Two specialists on geopolitics and the environment will also be present. They need the assistance of the centre. ·        What makes it important? ·        The Bill marks a turning point in our relationship with Antarctica, despite its mostly administrative nature. ·        The Bill follows India’s announcement of its Arctic Policy earlier this year, which was another step toward expanding our influence in the northern regions. ·        How do we approach it? ·        The declared objectives of the Antarctic Bill are noble, despite concerns about the legality of Indian courts having jurisdiction in such a remote location. ·        India’s engagement with the Antarctic region after this Bill is passed will centre on polar research vessels. India had chartered research vessels from Russia and Norway up until this point. Even letting out these ships has become rather challenging in recent years. ·        China has advanced and acquired two ships in the interim. ·        Conclusion: ·        A significant turning point in India’s relations with the Antarctica is represented by the Indian Antarctic Bill. It is a crucial step in ensuring India’s participation in the global conference on Antarctic management, even if it largely has to do with administration.

19 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What are the reasons of cereal inflation and what are the connected issues? Discuss. ·       Paper & Topic: GS II à Government Policies and Interventions related issues ·       Model Answers: ·        What is the current state of affairs? ·        The rate of retail inflation peaked in September at 7.41%. Information on the rate of retail inflation is provided by the consumer price index. ·        It should be emphasised that food costs account for 45.86% of the CPI. The cost of items such as cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, eggs, meat, and fish are all taken into consideration by the CPI. ·        Causes: ·        The discussion has so far focused on helping farmers increase the amount of crops they grow outside rice, wheat, and sugarcane while also making it easier for the poor to get access to nourishing meals that are high in protein, vitamins, fibre, and minerals in addition to carbohydrates. ·        The primary priorities of policymakers are market-based, resource-efficient, and ecologically conscientious agriculture. ·        These possibilities for considerable change, however, have been delayed by the Russia-Ukraine War and the subsequent economic upheaval worldwide. ·        Concerns: ·        Food prices are growing even though the amount of wheat and rice in government godowns is at a five-year low. ·        The condition is astonishingly grain-depleted when contrasted to how full similar godowns were at the beginning of the year. ·        In 2021–2022, exports of wheat and rice reached a record 105.6 million tonnes, with a record 28.4 million tonnes passing through the PDS. ·        How do we go about it? ·        The administration’s options are constrained because the wheat sowing season has not yet started and the new harvest won’t be delivered to the mandis until March. ·        Wheat cannot be imported since even the least expensive Russian wheat costs 30 INR per kilogramme. The government may consider ordering 1-2 million tonnes of imports to replenish supplies for the general public and to carry out OMOs (open market operations) to control pricing, given that imports can only be made for legitimate government goals. ·        Ascending MSP at this time is not a sensible move. Additionally, no additional incentives are needed to convince Indian farmers to produce wheat. ·        Conclusion: ·        Last but not least, India profited from a plentiful supply of foodgrains in previous years and even in the first half of 2022. While the decision to extend the free grain programme has sparked inflationary pressure on the supply side, the disruption of the global supply chain and the worsening consequences of climate change may raise demand-side pressure. Q2. Discuss about some of the Gupta Empire’s accomplishments, mainly focusing on its thriving economy. ·       Paper & Topic: GS I àArt and Culture ·       Model Answer: ·        India has historically been the centre of the world’s civilizations. India’s social, economic, and cultural roots have changed as a result of regional expansion. Indian history began formally with the advent of the Aryans and the Indus Valley Civilization. These two eras are referred to as the pre-Vedic and Vedic ages, respectively. Hinduism began to take shape throughout the Vedic period. ·        The first known Indian story is found in the Rig Veda. The Indus Valley civilization created a highly successful economic system between 2800 and 1800 BC. Agriculture was practised, domesticated animals were bred, trade with Middle Eastern nations was conducted, and bronze, tin, and copper were used to make tools and weapons by the inhabitants of the Indus Valley. ·        Between the fourth and third century BCE, the Mauryan Empire ruled the majority of the Indian subcontinent. Tamil Sangam literature started to develop in the south in the third century BCE, while Prakrit and Pali literature evolved in the north. In the first century BCE, South India produced and sold wootz steel to other nations. Over the following 1,500 years, known as the Classical period, the Gupta Empire stood out among the numerous dynasties that dominated various regions of India. ·        The Gupta Empire had the following economic system: ·        The Gupta Empire placed a great importance on agriculture. ·        Because they placed a strong emphasis on agriculture, the Gupta economy thrived. ·        During the Gupta era, which saw the creation of a sophisticated agricultural system, the Gupta kings adopted scientific methods to boost agricultural production. ·        Even before the Gupta dynasty gained imperial hegemony, India had a highly advanced agricultural, industrial, and commercial system. During this time, the economy was stable and prosperous, which allowed for a significant rise in culture. ·        Trade took place on the ground and close to the coast. India had commercial ties with both eastern and western nations. ·        India frequently traded nautical contacts with other countries like Sri Lanka, Persia, Arabia, the Byzantine Empire, Africa, and others. ·        Conclusion: ·        It is well known that the Gupta era was the golden age of North Indian art. The majority of the surviving works are religious sculptures, despite the fact that painting was undoubtedly more common. The Jain Tirthankara figures, the well-known carved stone god, and the Buddha image all made their appearances in Hindu art during this time; the latter was frequently created in extraordinarily large sizes.

17 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What is DART Mission? Also explain its purpose and significance. ·       Paper & Topic: GS III à Science and Technology related issues ·       Model Answer: ·        DART Mission’s purpose is: ·        In November 2021, NASA launched the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) planetary defence mission. ·        It was launched on a Falcon rocket from the Californian Vandenberg Space Launch Complex. ·        The focus of this investigation is the binary asteroid system, which consists of two asteroids orbiting the sun concurrently. The expedition’s specific goal is Dimorphos, a 160 m diameter asteroid that orbits the larger Didymos. They are located 11.2 million kilometres from Earth. ·        Purpose: ·        The “kinetic impactor technique,” commonly referred to as the “kick method,” tries to divert asteroids and alter their trajectory before they actually strike Earth. ·        The two expedition goals and Earth are expected to be 6.4 million kilometres apart at their closest. The DART mission, however, was developed to assess how well the approach performed when used to analyse asteroids with similar compositions. ·        The DART’s mass of 600 kg is exceedingly insignificant when compared to Dimorphos’ mass of 5 billion kg. In the event that the two objects collided, it was expected that DART’s 23,760 kph speed would be sufficient to reduce Dimorphos’ angular momentum. ·        The smaller asteroid would then accelerate and veer off course to reach the larger one. These modifications would speed up Dimorphos’ orbit around Didymos. The asteroid system’s trajectory would alter. ·        Significance: ·        The Chicxulub impact crater is located in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula. ·        When a 10-kilometer-diameter asteroid impacted with the Earth 66 million years ago, it formed. ·        It also brought about tsunamis, sun-blocking clouds, and volcanic eruptions. ·        By destroying 75% of all plant and animal life on Earth, it astounded experts. In this regard, dinosaurs are comparable to other creatures. ·        Even though it’s uncommon, a large asteroid might nonetheless strike Earth. Even if the asteroid were only 100 metres broad, it might completely devastate a region the size of Chennai. By a similar impact, the entire human civilization might be obliterated. Q2. What do you understand by the concept of ‘Centralized Electricity Market’? Discuss. ·       Paper & Topic: GS IIà Government Policies and Interventions related issues ·       Model Answer: ·        About: ·        The Market-based Economic Dispatch (MBED) scheme put forth by the Union Power Ministry advocates for the central dispatching of the 1,400 trillion units of power used yearly. ·        This schedule applies to both intrastate and interstate dispatches. ·        The Constitution states that the issue of power is still open. Depending on each state, State Load Dispatch Centers divide electrical networks into distinct control zones. These SLDCs are under the control of the regional and national load dispatch centres. ·        Under the current architecture, each control area must manage its demands with generation resources in real time. ·        Why is it employed in this way? ·        The Union Electricity Ministry is in favour of this idea in order to support the “One Nation, One Grid, One Frequency, One Price” programme and broaden India’s power markets. ·        The strategy might enable the distribution of the least expensive, most easily accessible electricity across the nation in order to meet all demand. ·        In this case, there would be a “universal clearing price.” The clearing price, market clearing price, or equilibrium price is the price at which supply and demand are equal. ·        The theory behind it is that the market clearing price would be established as a result of sellers and buyers submitting their market bids the day before. Energy users will thus save a lot of money. ·        What exactly is causing the states concern? ·        Over time, the role of the energy industry as a source of conflict between center-states has increased. Most of the current tensions can be attributed to the distribution sector, which is the weakest link in the electricity network. ·        The central government has been creating a number of programmes to improve the operational and financial conditions of the state discoms. Despite repeated efforts, the financial status of the discoms is precarious, and increasing losses pose a threat to the economies of the provincial and federal governments. ·        According to the RBI, maintaining the discoms in 18 states could end up costing those states’ GDP by 2.3%. ·        How do we go about it? ·        Caution is necessary since the suggested MBED approach dramatically alters participant infrastructure and activities throughout the entire system. ·        Worldwide research is being done on this paradigm. For instance, the current gas crisis in Europe has revealed flaws in the market where marginal electricity costs are linked to the pricing of the lowest cost producers (usually a gas plant). One drawback is that when gas prices rise, nuclear power plants must make up for a 5X increase in input costs. Therefore, using the MBED model right away is not a good idea. ·        Conclusion: ·        The grave financial circumstances of the discoms and the entire electricity industry were addressed by the development of the MBED proposal.

18 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Why is it necessary to link the voter identification card and the Aadhar card? Discuss. ·       Paper & Topic: GS III à Government Policies and Interventions related issues ·       Model Answer: ·        Why are voter ID and Aadhaar related? ·        The State Legislature and Parliament elections are conducted using election records from each voting place, and these lists frequently have factual and typographical problems. Accuracy improves and de-duplication is made simpler when the rolls are linked to Aadhaar numbers. The PAN number debate was presented as an example by the Supreme Court. ·        By accelerating the process of adding names to the rolls, the connecting mechanism would benefit first-time voters. Many other government services, including e-Shram UAN numbers and passports, already call for Aadhaar authentication. ·        Voters must apply to the electoral registration officers to have their names added to or removed from records when they move to new addresses. Poor immigrants typically decide against having their names added to the rolls in their new town due to how difficult this process is for them. Integrating EPICs with Aadhaars could be the answer to this issue. ·        Concerns related to: ·        Due to the fact that Aadhaar only serves as documentation of residency and not citizenship, adult residents who are only citizens are only permitted to vote. ·        It’s not always a smart idea to integrate Aadhaar with the voter list for verification. The Aadhaar database allegedly has more self-reported faults than the vote database, according to the Internet Freedom Foundation. ·        How do we approach it? ·        Regular elections and a respectably high voter turnout are two clear successes for the Indian political system. The EVMs’ straightforward operation and ECI’s efforts to boost voter participation both contributed to the high turnout. ·        The ECI is needed to update the electoral rolls on a regular basis due to the rising immigrant population in metropolitan regions and the increase in eligible voters as a result of demographic changes. Due to the repeated election cycles, the registration process has been shortened, and voters can now register using identification that verifies their address and age. ·        Conclusion: ·        By tying voter identity to Aadhaar for voter authentication, voter turnout and electoral roll accuracy may both increase. However, given the lack of a strong data protection policy, this should be optional. Q2Throw light on the Sangam Age’s socio-economic environment. Paper & Topic: GS IàArt and Culture Model Answer: ·        The Sangam Age is a significant period in South Indian history. According to legend, Tamil Nadu’s prehistoric past was home to three Sangams, also known as Muchchangam or Academies of Tamil Poets. These Sangams were able to develop thanks to the Pandyas’ royal support. third century B.C. to the present The Sangam Period lasted in South India (the area south of the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra) until the third century A.D. ·        Sangam Age Society: ·        Kurinji (hilly roads), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal), and Palai are Tolkappiyam’s five geographical divisions (desert). ·        Each of these five distinct groups of people had a main line of work and a god they held in high regard. ·        The main deity, Murugan, is renowned for his skill at both beekeeping and hunting. ·        Mayon (Vishnu), the principal god, is well renowned for managing cattle herds and transacting in dairy goods. ·        Marudam, the principal deity, works primarily in agriculture. ·        Varunan is heavily concerned in fishing and salt production, hence Neydal is the main deity. ·        The supreme god Korravai, also referred to as Palai, is the principal target of thieves. ·        Tolkappiyam is another name for the four castes arasar, anthanar, vanigar, and vellalar. “Arasar” alludes to the aristocracy. ·        The Anthanars had an impact on the Sangam’s politics and theology. The Vanigars were businesspeople. ·        Sangam Age Economy: ·        Agriculture was the sector that generated the most jobs overall. Rice was the crop that was cultivated the most. ·        Other crops grown included ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, and a number of different fruits. ·        Jackfruit and pepper were reported to be favourites of the Chera people. Paddy was the main crop grown during the Chola and Pandya eras. ·        The Sangam era’s handicrafts were well-liked. Weaving, woodworking, welding, shipbuilding, and creating jewellery out of beads, stones, and ivory are a few of them. ·        There was a considerable demand for these products throughout the Sangam era as a result of expanding domestic and international trade. ·        The highest standards were followed in the spinning and weaving of silk and cotton fabrics. ·        The fabric mentioned in the poetry, cotton, is as light as a snake’s slough or a steam mist. ·        The cotton clothing produced in Uraiyur was in high demand, particularly in the West. ·        Both local and foreign trade were effectively managed during the Sangam Age. ·        Conclusion: ·        The Sangam Age is a key era in South Indian history. The Sangam period or age, and notably the third Sangam period, was a historical era that lasted roughly from the sixth century BCE to the third century CE in ancient Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Sri Lanka. Its name was inspired by the famed Maduraian Sangam schools of poets and intellectuals.