15 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What are the barriers related to the male birth control.Also discuss the way forward. · Paper & Topic: GS II àHealth related issues · Model Answer: · What is male birth control: · The practise entails the utilisation of birth control pills, devices, and other measures. · The barrier approach, intrauterine devices, surgery, and the hormonal approach are a few of the methods. · There are numerous efficient therapies available to women, including tablets, IUDs, implants, injections, patches, vaginal rings, etc. · There aren’t many good options available to guys, and those that do exist are scarce. · 20 percent of withdrawal attempts fail. · Barriers related to male birth control: · The most recent method of male birth control developed since the 1980s is the “no-scalpel vasectomy.” · The development of male contraception has received backing from the WHO, governmental organisations, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs); nonetheless, their infrastructure for generating drugs cannot compete with that of big pharma. They are run by clinical research organisations and a small team. Financial constraints provide yet another barrier. · Way Forward: · Women have traditionally made the decision about birth control. According to the National Family Health Survey-4, only 0.3% of males opt for a vasectomy, compared to 36% of women. · Men have access to safe, inexpensive, and reversible male contraceptive methods, which let them take part in activities and share responsibilities while reducing the likelihood of unintended pregnancies. · Conclusion: · Polls indicate that individuals are open to novel male contraceptive methods, although the majority of population control activities have focused on female contraception. Q2. What do you understand by Conversion Therapy. What is its significance and way forward. · Paper & Topic: GS II à Health related issues · Model Answer: · Conversion therapy: What is it? · Reparative treatment or conversion therapy refers to a variety of procedures intended to alter a person’s gender identity, sexual orientation, or gender expression. · The young LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, etc.) group is the target of these actions. · This therapy may involve exorcisms, electroshock therapy, psychosomatic medication, or even psychiatric care. · What recent events have taken place? · Conversion therapy will henceforth be recognised as professional misconduct, according to the NMC/National Medical Commission, the main regulatory body for medical practitioners. · The NMC has also given written notice to all State Medical Councils that they may now penalise patients who participate in such therapy. · What makes this important? · A significant step toward quackery’s prohibition was taken with the most recent NMC statement. · The majority of doctors have long opposed conversion therapy. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry asserts that conversion therapy has neither been shown to be clinically effective nor to be backed by research. · How do we approach it? · The most recent action by NMC is another small step in the correct path, if the legalisation of homosexuality in 2018 was a first step in that direction. · To make the neighbourhood feel safer, a lot of work still has to be done. · Conclusion: · The Indian culture and its institutions still have a long way to go despite the recent NMC verdict, which enhanced inclusivity and outlawed quack medicine.
14 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
14 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What do you understand by Public Flogging. Critically analyse the term on the basis of a recent incident that happened in Kheda, Gujarat. · Paper & Topic: GS II àJudiciary related issues · Model Answer: · Context: · In the Gujarati village of Undhela, several Muslim males have just been charged with throwing stones during a Navratri Garba celebration. The police assert that they made an effort to prevent the gathering from taking place in a common area near a mosque and a temple. · During the stone-throwing, six persons suffered injuries, and numerous vehicles, including a police car, suffered damage. · What Is Public Flogging? · Flogging is a form of corporal punishment that involves striking a person with a whip or rod, typically to the back, also known as whipping or caning. It used as a form of judicial punishment as well as a means of maintaining order in prisons, schools, military settings, and private homes. · Why does this matter? · Men who took an oath to uphold law and order shouldn’t be openly and flagrantly breaking the law. Because of their flagrant disregard for the law, they are no different from the criminals from whom they are intended to protect society. · The crowd’s and later Twitter responses show a startling degree of support for such lawless police personnel. The preference for mob justice above the rule of law is a worrying trend, and this is an example of it. · Criticism has also been levelled at the unequal treatment of minority population members who have been accused. This incident gives the idea that the police wouldn’t hesitate to humiliate such folks in public. · It’s feared that these floggings may become widespread, similar to “bulldozer justice,” in which bulldozers are used to demolish the homes of minority populations in the name of justice. · What portion of this police action is legal? · Police actions should primarily be considered in light of society as a whole and the current situation. On the other side, certain police actions are glaring anomalies that indicate abuse of authority. Such conduct is unacceptable. · Violence has historically been justified as an essential tool for enforcing social discipline. The concept of “eye for an eye” and confinement in pitch-black isolation rooms were once accepted as norms. The notion of human rights and laws prohibiting torture, on the other hand, are relatively new in our sociocultural paradigm. · What needs to be done? · The inefficient law enforcement system is to blame for the recent public flogging incident, in which both citizens and police personnel chose to obey the lathi rather than the law. · In this situation, reforming the criminal justice system is more important than enforcing jungle justice. · Conclusion: · The episode of public flogging sends a lot of disturbing messages. The most significant of them is the reality that far too many people still do not recognise the importance of the rule of law as a fundamental component of democracy. Q2. There is an urgent need to reduce the usage of agro-chemicals in order to move towards a sustainable agriculture. Discuss. · Paper & Topic: GS III à Agriculture related issues · Model Answer: · About Agrichemicals: · Chemicals used as agricultural inputs are known as agrichemicals. Among them are insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. · These are inputs that are used on crops to fend against diseases and pests and increase yields. · How many Indian users are there? · In India, pesticides make up the majority of the agrichemical industry. · One of the world’s top producers of agrichemicals is India. In 2021, the agrichemical market reached 7.2 billion USD. · India is one of the top 10 exporters of agricultural products since around half of the demand comes from outside the nation. Exports of agrichemicals totaled USD 3.8 billion in 2021. Brazil, the US, Japan, Vietnam, France, and China are a few of the main export destinations. · Of all the chemicals used, fungicides and insecticides make up 75% of the total. · The government’s encouragement of environmentally friendly farming methods has led to an increase in the use of biopesticides, which now make up 15% of the market. · Why is that an issue? · Pesticides used on unapproved crops endanger the safety of agricultural products. Based on the authorised usage, the MRL, or maximum residue limit level, in agricultural items is monitored. Because it demonstrates that illegal use is still occurring undetected, this presents severe issues with food safety. Furthermore, this makes it challenging for India to export a sizable quantity of agricultural goods. · Their excessive use pollutes the environment. · Taking Action: · The adoption of a service-based business model by agrichemical companies may be helpful. · Agrichemicals from a variety of suppliers are offered by retailers in India, who also profit more. Shop owners urge farmers to purchase more than is necessary as a result. · The government may mandate that business owners document each agrichemical transaction in real time. · The largest seed and pesticide manufacturer in the world, Bayer, has imprinted a QR code on each pesticide container. This allows for the location of the pesticides’ original production floor to be determined. · Consider enforcing the same QR tagging for India’s agricultural chemical industry’s inputs. As a result, it would be possible to provide more precisely targeted farm consulting services and grievance redressal. · The people in India who oversee the agrichemicals sector are also those who promote their use. · The sector’s safety information is accepted at face value. Volunteering cannot take the place of effective regulation. · Conclusion: · In India, agrichemicals are routinely used, especially those that are extremely hazardous. It is fair to use pesticides given the rising need for food and the rapidly expanding risks to crops; nonetheless, using too many chemicals has long-term negative effects on the land. It’s crucial
13 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
13 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What do we mean when we say we’re moving toward clean energy. Describe a few of the related government projects. · Paper & Topic: GS IIIàEnvironmental Conservation related issues · Model Answer: · Why is using clean fuel for cooking so crucial? · The National Multidimensional Poverty Index, developed by NITI Aayog, lists the inability to get clean cooking fuels as one of its contributing reasons and will be made public in 2021. · The advantages of using clean cooking fuel include: · Reducing the amount of pollution within. · Improving health approaches to improve moms’ and kids’ overall wellbeing · Attaining environmental objectives. · What kind of tasks does the government perform? · The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), which was introduced in 2016, has significantly accelerated the switch from traditional fuels to LPG. · Through PMUY phase I, 8 crore low-income women were able to get LPG connections without having to pay a deposit. · Along with an initial refill, complimentary LPG hookups and stoves were provided to PMUY phase II participants. · Numerous efforts to increase LPG consumption have been tried over time to achieve this, including: · Each 14.2 kg of refill is deducted at the rate of 200 rupees. · The maximum DBC 14.2 kg to 5 kg with a 5 kg option, double bottle connection, allows for twelve refills per year. · There are a maximum of three complimentary refills per recipient when using PM GARBI BALYA. As part of the 2020 strategy, the government is actively supporting PNG since it is more commercially viable than LNG. · Consider the National Gas Grid, which is now being built. · This campaign was launched by the Union Power Ministry in February 2021 to promote EVs and electric cooking. · It might lead to an annual saving on import costs of Rs. 8 crore. · Indra Nutan: · The IOCL and the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas developed a solar-powered burner (Indian Oil Corporation Limited). · This fixed, rechargeable indoor cooking platform was introduced in June 2022 in an effort to reduce the demand for gas. · It operates in a variety of ways, making it a reliable solution regardless of the weather: · Online refers to the use of solar energy in addition to a backup energy source; hybrid refers to the use of solar energy alone. · What are the challenges? · Poor rural migrant workers frequently dwell in illegal slums in urban areas where they have no legal claim to the land. To open a bank account, which is required for DBTs to function, you must possess certain credentials. · In addition, they struggle with a hostile environment, a weak feeling of community, and restricted access to public services. · Due to rules like kerosene sales limitations that were intended to encourage the changeover to clean cooking, some homes unintentionally started burning firewood again. In other homes, the price of kerosene is rising on the black market. · Cylinders with a monthly fuel capacity are used to provide gas, which is given subject to full payment. Less fortunate people experience misery as a result. · Conclusion: · Clean cooking is essential for the health and wellbeing of the population. Recent actions have made it easier to move away from traditional, dirty fuels, but the current price instability could reverse the change. Diversifying clean cooking fuel sources and reducing dependency on solely LPG and PNG may make it easier to retain the benefits. Q2. What is the Global Pandemic Treaty India’s role in this regard. · Paper & Topic: GS IIà International Relations · Model Answer: · The healthcare systems in the countries were overburdened, especially in the early phases of the epidemic. The distribution of diagnoses, therapies, and immunizations showed a considerable discrepancy. · In August 2022, more than 32,000 cases of monkeypox were reported worldwide in more than 80 countries, prompting the WHO to classify the outbreak as a PHEIC (Public Health Emergency of International Concern). According to this classification, there may be another health catastrophe before the COVID-19 epidemic is over. · Low- and low-middle-income countries have experienced irreparable socioeconomic impacts, while high-income countries are still feeling the effects of the pandemic. · The Global Pandemic Treaty’s details: · The outbreak has drawn attention to the flaws in the existing international health systems and the requirement for new laws. · In this context, the World Health Assembly Special Session examined the viability of a global pandemic treaty (WHASS). The Assembly decided that creating an international treaty will begin in December 2021 in order to enable global pandemic governance, which was ineffective during the COVID-19 pandemic. · The “The World Together” decision was approved by the Assembly in accordance with Article 19 of Who’s Constitution, which established a worldwide negotiation committee to draught and negotiate the treaty’s articles. · The agreement is anticipated to address a wide range of topics, including data interchange, genome sequencing of recently discovered viruses, fair treatment and vaccine distribution, research, and other things. · In addition to these other grounds, the EU has suggested language in the agreement that would restrict the sale of wildlife. For context, the SARS CoV 2 is believed to have originated in a Chinese wildlife market. · India is excellently positioned to take the lead for the reasons listed below: · Global legislators have looked to India’s response to the pandemic and contribution to the global crisis as an example. · As a result of the “vaccine maitri” effort, India produces 60% of the vaccines and provides 60–80% of the UN’s yearly vaccine procurement. India must keep selling COVID-19 diagnostics and vaccinations despite internal shortages. When the second wave was at its height, the support for the vaccination was only momentarily stopped. · India exported more than 594 lakh doses of the COVID-19 vaccine by the year 2021. A total of 339.67 lakh doses were delivered commercially, 81.25
12 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
12 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What is Death Sentence. Discuss the views of the Supreme Court of India on the same. · Paper & Topic: GS IIàJudiciary related issues · Model Answer: · Background: · The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty should only be applied in the “rarest of rare” circumstances. · This approach was advanced by other rulings that said there were other factors to consider in determining whether a crime should be classified as one of the “rarest of rare” cases. The decision is heavily influenced by the socioeconomic background, emotional condition, and other essential traits of the offender. · In reality, the court declares the conviction before imposing the punishment. Because there aren’t many arguments on mitigating circumstances (from the convict’s side) and aggravating circumstances (from the prosecution’s side), this is often done the same day as the verdict. · Several court rulings have endorsed the practise of same-day sentencing. According to the highest court, the mere fact that a death sentence is being rendered on the same day will not render the verdict illegal in cases where the prisoner was given a significant amount of time to explain mitigating circumstances. · Issues: · The death penalty has structural components that discriminate on the basis of caste, class, and religion. An investigation of 385 death row inmates by Project 39A, a nonprofit that advocates for criminal justice reform, revealed that 76% of them belonged to racial, ethnic, or religious minorities in 2016. · The majority (more than 75%) of the inmates came from impoverished regions. · More than 62% of the inmates lacked a diploma from a secondary school. · These biases are pervasive across the entire criminal justice system, but the death penalty makes them worse by making punishment irrevocable and definitive. · More over 60% of the 80 death sentences handled by Delhi trial courts between 2000 and 2013 resulted in acquittals or the High Court lessened the penalty, according to a 2020 Project 39A analysis of trial court judgements. · 72% of all death penalty cases in Delhi trial court proceedings between 2000 and 2015 identified the “collective conscience of the society” as their driving force. · Conclusion: · The Supreme Court’s decision to establish consistent guidelines for trial courts regarding death sentences marks a significant advancement in the process’s move toward greater compassion. · In the Bachan Singh case, which occurred 42 years before the current investigation of procedural fairness, the Supreme Court established the “rarest of rare” safeguard for the first time. · With the exception of terrorism-related offences, the death sentence should be abolished, according to the Law Commission Report on Death Sentence from 2015. · A global decline in “active retentionism” can be seen in the study’s finding that the death penalty has been abolished in over 144 nations through legislation or actual application. · In the meantime, India is passing laws that carry the death sentence. The bar for the imposition of the death sentence must be raised in order to strike a balance between its total abolishment and active promotion. · The Constitution Bench is expected to draught laws that would allow courts to conduct thorough investigations into a variety of circumstances prior to inflicting punishment. Q2. Discuss the role of NGO’s in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Funding. · Paper & Topic: GS IIà Social Sectors related issues · Model Answer: · Role of NGOs in CSR Funding: · In India, one-fifth of all private funding are provided by CSR contributors, who are primarily programme advocates. · They seldom ever offer financial support for organisational growth. Any indirect costs they may incur are only subject to a set rate of less than 5%. The indirect costs incurred by NGOs might range from 5% to 55%, depending on their goals and business practises. · The donors’ emphasis on regulatory compliances contributes to this situation. The CSR law was updated in 2021, and the new clauses enhanced the severity of the penalties for non-compliance. · 90% of CSR donors are small, unlisted businesses, and those with annual spending under Rs. 50 lakh are exempt from having CSR committees. When faced with such situations, businesses frequently delegate the creation of action plans and decision-making to the corporate boards. It’s possible that the corporate boards have little to no knowledge of NGOs and humanitarian endeavours. As a result, compliance, risk management, and cost cutting are the boards’ top objectives. · Instead of recruiting capable leaders with experience in the social sector, larger companies subcontract the CSR effort to the heads of their HR department, administrative department, or communication department. · Not every company is aware with every aspect of the CSR laws. For instance, the 5% cap on administrative overhead costs only applies to expenses for internal CSR initiatives, not administrative expenses. · Many safety-related mistakes are made, and as a result, an NGO may mistakenly have unpaid expenses or be required to use its limited core funds to meet such demands. · What funding concerns do NGOs have? · Any charitable endeavour requires large contributions to meet costs. For instance, funding can be provided for books, online learning resources, teacher development, curriculum development, etc. by a non-profit organisation (NGO) whose objective is to improve educational outcomes. · NGOs do, however, incur significant costs. A non-profit organisation must cover costs such as administrative and support costs including electricity, rent, technology, and human resource costs if it wants to have a long-lasting influence. · In other words, an NGO’s true expenditures go beyond those associated with its programmes and also include indirect expenses like those associated with organisational development. · Conclusion: · Businesses should consider pooling their resources with other CSR and social sector stakeholders who share their values to improve the potential effect of their collective efforts. · They might also consider employing experts who have previous experience dealing with NGOs. · CSR funders could pick up ideas from their peers
11 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
11 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What are the issues associated with the pharmaceutical sector of India. Also discuss some of the government initiatives in this regard. · Paper & Topic: GS IIàGovernment Initiatives · Model Answer: · How large is India’s pharmaceutical industry? · FDI inflows into the pharmaceutical industry alone were $16.2 billion from 2000 to 2019, and it is anticipated that this sum will increase throughout the COVID pandemic. · According to a recent economic evaluation, the pharmaceutical industry is among the top 5 industries that help India reduce its trade imbalance. · India is the source of more than 80% of the anti-retroviral medications used globally. · Prior to the COVID epidemic, India dominated the world vaccine industry and generated more than 50% of all immunizations. · With 62% of total revenues, the largest industry is biopharmaceuticals. · An estimated 20% of generic medications supplied worldwide are owned by India, making medical tourism there a $9 billion sector this year. · How is the pharmaceutical industry in India governed? · The primary piece of legislation governing the importation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of medications and cosmetics in India is the Medications and Cosmetics Act of 1940. (For Source check here). · The Act gives a detailed definition of fake drugs, contaminated drugs, and incorrectly labelled drugs. · The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization was created as a result, among other things (CDSCO). · Challenges in the Pharmaceutical Sector: · Regulator Side: · The examination of the drugs following their sale is comparable to performing a post-mortem. · Poor drug data collection and insufficient drug inspector training contribute to widespread drug dealer fraud. · In terms of marketing: · Patients’ lives are at greater risk as a result of medical representatives’ and medication salespeople’s lack training to meet demand and the predominance of quacks (false doctors). · Pharmaceutical corporations engage in the dubious practise of distributing gifts and freebies to doctors in order to promote their products. · The demand for pharmaceuticals is so great that the quality is being reduced. This is demonstrated by the huge medication recall in India. · Low R&D spending India allocates 0.7% of its GDP to R&D expenses. When compared to the demands of the industry, this is incredibly modest. · Solutions: · putting into practise the Malshekar committee’s proposals for drug regulation. · In order to create a new national framework for drug regulation, support the creation of the National Drug Authority. · State drug enforcement agencies have been told to support them right now. · establishing an electronic database for patients, drug use, and potential risks. · Make it against the rules for pharmaceutical corporations to give away things and give freebies. · It is necessary to raise the bar that the government has set for medical consultants and medication salespeople. · Conclusion: · Despite having a significant capital requirement, the industry has grown to become the world leader in pharmaceutical products. In order to reduce overdependence, better regulatory procedures must now be put in place, and the industry must be pushed to increase API production in India. Q2. What is a centralized market of electricity. Also discuss its significance and associated issues. · Paper & Topic: GS IIà Government Initiatives · Model Answer: · About: · The Union Power Ministry’s proposed Market-based Economic Dispatch (MBED) system calls for centralised dispatching of the 1,400 trillion units of power used annually. · Both intrastate and interstate dispatches must adhere to this schedule. · According to the Constitution, the topic of power is concurrent. State Load Dispatch Centers categorise electrical networks into various control zones in accordance with each state. The regional and national load dispatch centres are in charge of these SLDCs. · Each control area must manage its demands with generation resources in real time under the current architecture. · Importance: · To expand India’s electricity markets and promote the “One Nation, One Grid, One Frequency, One Price” programme, the Union Electricity Ministry is promoting this notion. · The concept might make it possible to distribute the cheapest electricity that is easily accessible across the country to satisfy demand throughout the entire system. · There would be a “universal clearing price” under this paradigm. The price at which supply and demand are balanced is known as the clearing price, market clearing price, or equilibrium price. · What is the cause of the states’ concern? · The power sector has been a more significant source of tension between center-states over time. The distribution industry, which is the weakest link in the electricity network, is to blame for the majority of the current tensions. · The central government has been developing several programmes to help the state discoms’ financial and operational circumstances. Despite numerous attempts, the discoms’ financial situation is unstable, and growing losses threaten the economies of the provincial and federal governments. · An RBI study found that saving the discoms in 18 states could end up costing those states 2.3% of their GDP. · How do we approach it? · Prudence is required because the suggested MBED technique has system-wide consequences and drastically changes the infrastructure and activities of the participants. · Worldwide research is also being done on this paradigm. The current European gas crisis, for instance, has highlighted the weaknesses in markets where marginal electricity prices are associated with the pricing of the lowest cost producers (usually a gas plant). There are negatives, though, like the need to make up for a nuclear power plant’s 5X increase in input costs when gas prices rise. So it’s not a good idea to start using the MBED model right away. · Conclusion: · The MBED concept was developed to solve the discoms’ dire financial conditions as well as the electricity industry as a whole. To determine whether such centralization might truly accomplish these goals, thorough conversations with the stakeholders are needed because it could interfere with state authority and raise legal issues.
10 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
10 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What is the importance of and challenges associated with Agri-Chemicals. · Paper & Topic: GS IIIàAgriculture related issues · Model Answer: · What are they: · Chemicals used as agricultural inputs are known as agrichemicals. Among them are insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. · These are inputs that are used on crops to fend against diseases and pests and increase yields. · Importance: · In India, pesticides make up the majority of the agrichemical industry. · One of the world’s top producers of agrichemicals is India. In 2021, the agrichemical market reached 7.2 billion USD. · India is one of the top 10 exporters of agricultural products since around half of the demand comes from outside the nation. Exports of agrichemicals totaled USD 3.8 billion in 2021. Brazil, the US, Japan, Vietnam, France, and China are a few of the main export destinations. · Of all the chemicals used, fungicides and insecticides make up 75% of the total. · The government’s encouragement of environmentally friendly farming methods has led to an increase in the use of biopesticides, which now make up 15% of the market. · Challenges associated: · Pesticides used on unapproved crops endanger the safety of agricultural products. Based on the authorised usage, the MRL, or maximum residue limit level, in agricultural items is monitored. Because it demonstrates that illegal use is still occurring undetected, this presents severe issues with food safety. Furthermore, this makes it challenging for India to export a sizable quantity of agricultural goods. · Their excessive use pollutes the environment. · Agrochemical misuse results in a decline in biodiversity. It is well known that profenofos and other organophosphate insecticides are harmful to honey bees. · Conclusion: · In India, agrichemicals are routinely used, especially those that are extremely hazardous. It is fair to use pesticides given the rising need for food and the rapidly expanding risks to crops; nonetheless, using too many chemicals has long-term negative effects on the land. It’s crucial to allow the land to recover. Q2. What is One Water Approach and its importance. · Paper & Topic: GS III àEnvironmental Conservation related issues · Model Answer: · What is the One Water Approach: · An integrated strategy for managing water sources that places a focus on sustainability and integration is known as the “One Water Approach.” · It acknowledges that the traditional distinctions between different sources in terms of reuse are no longer valid and that all water, regardless of where it comes from—waste water, storm water, ground water, etc.—has value. · To achieve economic and ecological benefits, this inclusive method requires engagement from the community, industries, business leaders, farmers, environmentalists, lawmakers, academics, etc. · How does it function? · The One Water Approach can be applied in a variety of ways. But these approaches have a few things in common: · acknowledging the importance of all water, including waste water, runoff, and freshwater supplies. · a multifaceted strategy intended to maximise the financial, social, and environmental advantages of spending money on water. · working at the watershed level and understanding the local ecology, geology, and hydrology · Partnerships and inclusiveness are essential because real growth and achievement necessitate the involvement of all stakeholders. · Importance: · The UN World Water Development Report 2021, which was issued by UNESCO, claims that one of the main causes of water mismanagement is the undervaluation of water in all of its forms (on behalf of UN Water). · A multi-dimension integrated management approach must take precedence over a linear water management method. This will make it possible for us to manage our limited water resources effectively and sustainably. · Conclusion: · Water is an essential component of all living forms, yet it is one of the least used and worst managed natural resources in the world. An all-encompassing, coordinated strategy is urgently required.
08 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
08 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. What is the importance of and challenges associated with new district formation in India. · Paper & Topic: GS IIà Governance related issues · Model Answer: · The creation of districts is crucial for effective government. To suit the needs of the shifting population, states have begun creating new districts. Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur and Sakti, Chhattisgarh’s 32nd and 33rd districts, were just recently established. · How do new districts develop? · The state governments may decide to add, delete, or modify districts. · Either a state assembly bill or an executive order may be used to accomplish this. · The executive option, which just calls for a notification to be published in an official gazette, is preferred by many state governments. · The creation or modification of the districts are not handled by the central government. However, when a neighbourhood or railroad station needs a name change, the Union Home Ministry is called upon. · More districts are typically found in larger states than in smaller ones. India now has more districts than ever before. According to Census data, 46 districts were created between 2001 and 2011. Currently, the nation is divided into more than 700 districts. · Why is the establishment of districts so crucial? · Population growth has heightened the need for better development and management. · Smaller districts, according to the states, provide better management and governance. For instance, the Majuli sub-division became the Majuli district in 2016 due to “administrative convenience”. · The Constitution mandates the creation of panchayats, talukas, and districts to promote decentralisation and inclusive growth. This decentralised approach can help districts by providing them with grants for local development, for instance. · It makes it possible to build vital infrastructure for things like telecommunications, power, water, sanitation, and healthcare. More investments are attracted by a robust infrastructure, and this results in the emergence of new sectors and businesses. The establishment of work for the locals results from this. Good employment prospects are associated with a healthy population’s income, which in turn encourages more investments in the economy and a positive feedback loop that fosters growth. · Better roads, other infrastructure like water and power, education, healthcare, etc. have all been constructed in Chhattisgarh’s new districts, for example. Other districts, such as those in Telangana’s Mulugu and Narayanpet, Jharkhand’s Khunti, West Bengal’s Alipurduar, and Tamil Nadu’s Tenkasi, Tirupattur, Ranipet, Chengalpet, and Kallakurichi, have experienced a similar uptick in growth. · The establishment of districts has made it possible for aid initiatives to reach even the most remote regions of the nation. · It guarantees that the opinions of the populace are swiftly heard. · What are the difficulties? · One of the biggest barriers is the cost of district establishment. This is due to the requirement of deploying devoted officers and public servants along with the installation of new administrative offices in the new districts. · The public budget is further burdened by the exorbitant price. Rarely, state administrations would unite several towns to create a district in an effort to better serve the needs of the people and save operating costs. · However, such concepts would cause social unrest among the populace, hurt the economy, and erode public confidence in the leadership and administration. For instance, disagreements arose on the criteria for allocating development financing to the constituent towns during the creation of Chhattisgarh’s most recent districts. · How do we approach it? · Municipal grassroots development is essential to the nation’s overall development. For effective government, district formation is crucial, but it’s also critical to consider the demands of the neighbourhood and the expense to the exchequer. · In conclusion, district organisation has both benefits and drawbacks. Before making a decision, the government must conduct a cost-benefit analysis. · It is crucial to consult the neighbourhood, since they will ultimately profit from the decision, in order to understand their objectives and gain their trust. Conflicts between the people and the government would decrease as a result. · Conclusion: · States are anticipated to change their internal borders as the population of Indians increases, resulting in the creation and revision of districts. This is required to adjust the administrative system to the population’s shifting requirements. The goals of the local community and thorough cost-benefit analyses, however, must serve as the foundation for district creation plans. Q2. What are the features and importance of the Light Combat Helicopter recently inaugurated in India. · Paper & Topic: GS IIIàInternal Security related issues · Model Answer: · At the Jodhpur air station, the ‘Prachand’ Light Combat Helicopter was integrated into the Indian Air Force, giving India’s defence technology indigenization goals a much-needed boost. · The 5.8-ton LCH is a dedicated combat helicopter that falls under the “light” category. · It has a range of 550 km, a top speed of 268 kmph, and can run continuously for more than three hours. It works at altitudes up to 20,000 feet. · It accomplishes the following goals: · Destroying an air defence system · operations to quell insurrections · battle anti-tank warfare operations involving countersurface troops combat rescue and search missions · It is driven by two French-made Shakti engines. · It has a smaller fuselage and a sleeker structure because the pilot and co-pilot are seated in tandem (i.e., one behind the other arrangement). The co-pilot is in charge of the weapon system. · Because it is made of radar-absorbing material, it has a lower radar signature. A countermeasure dispensing system shields it from missile infrared seekers. · Why is it significant? · Being the first attack helicopter to set foot on Siachen, the highest battleground in the world, the LCH created history. · Only this particular helicopter can carry fuel and weapons while landing and taking off at heights of 15,000 feet. This makes it appropriate for deployment along the LAC. · It is thought to be the lightest fighting helicopter ever made. · Although there
07 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
07 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Discuss some of the recent proposals released by the ECI on political manifesto. · Paper & Topic: GS IIàElection related issues · Model Answer: · Suggestions of the Election Commission: · In its consultation document, the ECI suggests that political parties disclose the expenses related to the pledges they made to voters prior to local and federal elections. The parties would also have to disclose information about their financial situation. · Voters have a right to form well-informed opinions, the commission concluded, even though it cannot prevent political parties from making pledges, particularly ones including freebies. Voters can assess the parties’ ideas and decide for themselves whether such pledges could be kept by using such information. · The election watchdog invites political parties to support their claims because there is no legislative framework in place to define “welfare” and “freebies.” · Depending on the election at hand, the commission has also advised that the state chief secretaries and the union finance secretary present information regarding taxes and expenditures in a specific format. · The commission must receive input from political parties before making modifications to the MCC to take these suggestions into account. · What is the critique of the proposal? · Political manifestos are being compared to initial public offerings in response to the ECI’s suggestion, which would encourage political parties to demand physical and monetary quantification of electoral pledges (IPOs). A company publishes a prospectus before going public on the stock market. It contains a wealth of data, such as earnings, profits, risk considerations, the intended use of money obtained from possible investors, etc. · One interpretation of the latest proposal states that it deviates from the ECI’s position on election pledges. The ECI had already acknowledged the challenge of determining which poll promises count as reasonable, which pledges represent freebies, etc. due to the subjectivity of the matter. · The commission has resisted participating in policymaking over the years, leaving it to the political parties and the general public. Even worse, it had chosen not to participate in the committee that the SC had suggested study the problem. · The ECI is being criticised for putting aside its own reservations to take a “political dive” after the release of the most recent proposals, though. This is quite important, especially in light of the recent controversy about “revdi culture” among the major political parties. · Way Ahead/Conclusion: · Manifestos from political parties are not IPO documents. There is more to democracy than merely a long list of promises with associated expenses. · With both subjective and objective components, it serves as a vision statement. It makes it simpler to understand the party’s beliefs and the weight it gives to various topics. · In this situation, it is debatable whether the ECI ought to have control over such a document. It is unclear whether the election watchdog has the authority to curb economic and political innovation, but it is also unclear whether the ECI has the authority to control promises that do not have a financial cost (such as questions about employment and education). · Free and fair elections would suggest that parties seek to advance one idea over another and grab voters’ attention with their principles if democracy is seen as a “war of ideas.” · The NITI Aayog, which consults with states on macroeconomic policies, the Finance Commission, which oversees the transfer of resources between the federal government and the states, and the RBI, which manages the market borrowings of the states and provides financial reporting, have all resisted issuing any guidelines on freebies. · If the ECI decided to follow these suggestions, it might have to evaluate the proformas of the political parties. Before choosing whether to go that far, the commission needs to take its willingness and capability into account. · The ECI has the authority to monitor, coordinate, and oversee elections under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution. The commission has grown in importance as a significant achievement in India’s democratic past. · The ECI’s excellent reputation and high degree of trust are results of its acts and inactions, not only of what it has done. Understanding and upholding the boundaries in a complex democracy with both elected and unelected powers is essential to institutional credibility. · The election watchdog has frequently taken caution when establishing the scope of its authority under Article 324. The current ideas, however, put ECI’s reputation as a fair and impartial organisation at jeopardy. · However, the debate over freebies is an important topic that is best left up to the public’s judgement. The FRBM Act, a safety net, requires governments to exercise budgetary restraint. · The ECI has no place in the discussion, despite the fact that it requests participation from the political domain’s stakeholders. Q2. How wide is the gender pay gap in India. Discuss some of the recent initiatives of the Government of India to reduce this irregularity. · Paper & Topic: GS IIàIndian Economy · Model Answer: · What is the size of the gender pay gap in India? · India is ranked 135th out of 146 nations in terms of gender parity by the World Economic Forum. Only 11 positions separate this from Taliban-era Afghanistan, when girls are not even permitted in classes. This is concerning considering that India was rated 87th only six years ago (2016). · According to the WEF, closing the gender gap across the greater South Asian region could take up to 200 years. · India has a significant gender wage difference when compared to other countries, however there has been great progress made in closing the gap. In 1993–1994 women made 48% less money than males did on average. According to data from the National Sample Survey Office’s labour force survey, this disparity was 28% in 2018–19. · However, the pandemic calamity has undone years of advancement. According to early projections from the Periodic Labour Force Survey
05 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
05 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Discuss some of the initiatives taken to improve the teacher quality in India. · Paper & Topic: GS IIàSocial Sector of India · Model Answer: · The Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) is given at both the central and state levels (as STET) (CTET). This commonly used exam is comparable to the tests that candidates for teaching licences must pass in other nations. · SARTHAQ, which stands for “Students and Teachers’ Holistic Advancement through Quality Education,” was formed by the HRD Ministry in April 2021. It is a method of implementation that has been suggested for use in educational institutions. · NISHTHA, or National Initiatives for School Heads and Teachers’ Holistic Development, is an integrated programme for teacher preparation that serves as a resource for educators as well as principals and other parties involved in school management and administration. · A digital education platform for schools is called DIKSHA, or Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing. By doing this, it opens up digital learning to instructors from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Teachers implement NIPUN (National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy) Bharat guidelines using this platform’s unique FLN (foundational numeracy and literacy) component. · The CBSE created TERMs, or Teacher Energized Resource Materials, to assist instructors in integrating science and mathematics instruction in classrooms (for grades VI through X) with a competency framework. · Teachers now have free access to MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) on experiential learning and competency-based learning through the SWAYAM website. Lessons with lots of interactive activities are designed to lessen the pandemic’s negative effects on education. · The National Foundation for Teachers Welfare (NFTW) is a nonprofit organisation that works with the HRD Ministry to support teachers financially. · What are the drawbacks? · The different hiring processes for central, state, and private schools as well as different phases make it impossible to streamline the hiring of instructors. Due to the different criteria and techniques used, there is a significant difference in the quality of teachers between institutions and regions. · Many hiring practises fall short of ideal standards when it comes to evaluating a candidate’s aptitude. · Only candidates applying to teach in government schools must pass the TET, and only at the primary level (grades I to VIII). · The following are further grounds for criticism of the TET: · low rate of success · quality issues with the tests · long exam papers · a lack of cooperation with programmes for teacher preparation, etc. · These tests have additionally been in the headlines due to scams. A scam concerning the hiring of teachers in West Bengal is one recent instance. · Only educators who are enthusiastic about their work will be able to bring about the good improvements in education that the NEP 2020 aims to achieve. The outcomes of teaching and learning will be improved by establishing clear quality targets and putting good recruitment techniques into practise. Q2. What is the CUET. Also, what is the significance of this initiative? · Paper & Topic: GS IIà Social Sector of India · Model Answer: · About CUET: · The University Grants Commission chair recently announced that the Central Universities in India would use the results of the Common University Entrance Test (CUET) this year to admit candidates to the undergraduate programmes. · The National Testing Agency will be in charge of administering the common admission test for the UG and PG programmes starting with the 2022–2023 academic year. · The class 12 NCERT standard syllabus will be exactly replicated in the CUET by NTA curriculum. · Significance of this initiative: · Even the intellectual competence of the “toppers” is deeply mistrusted and distrusted in a nation like ours where school boards’ quality vary greatly. · The young people won’t be under the burden of taking multiple admissions exams for different institutions and universities. · Inflated cut-offs for admission to “branded” universities would invariably be eliminated if the CUET score or ranking was given priority in the selection process. · It would monitor for subjective biases and value objectivity in addition to assessing and quantifying one’s cognitive aptitude and subject-matter knowledge in a specific industry.
4 Oct 2022 Mains Answer Writing
04 OCTOBER 2022 – MAINS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Discuss briefly about the newly created post of Chief of Defence Staff. Paper & Topic: GS III Internal Security of India Model Answer: About CDS: Because of their anxiety that the armed forces would be exempt from the control of the civilian government, the bureaucracy took a very lengthy time to select a single commander for the armed forces and set up theatre commands. A position like that was expected to be ripe for coups. But in 2019, the Defense Ministry underwent a restructuring, and a new Department of Military Affairs was created under the supervision of the Chief of Defence Staff (DMA). The office’s mission is to make sure that the three services work together to maintain and repair equipment, communicate with one another, train, use logistics, and operate. The CDS performs both operational and administrative duties: He serves as the Union Defense Minister’s main military counsellor. He serves as the Chiefs of Staff Committee’s Permanent Chairman. What makes this post important? Thanks to the establishment of the DMA under the CDS, the Defence Ministry’s bureaucracy is no longer in charge of joint planning, purchasing decisions, and nearly all other military-related duties. This is crucial given how the services previously operated in silos with decision-making authority held by Defense Ministry bureaucrats who usually lacked a thorough understanding of military matters. With the appointment of the first CDS, the military forces began contributing to the development of national security policies. Given the growing threats to India’s national security (Pakistan’s continued use of its PoK launch sites and China’s presence at the borders), the CDS is more crucial than ever. However, India’s defence budgets are also getting smaller, necessitating the employment of a single-point military adviser. The military is having a hard time adjusting to the government’s plans to lower, among other things, the number of soldiers, their pay, and their pensions. A CDS could aid in striking a balance between the objectives of the military and the requirements of the civilian government. Q2. Highlight the role of sports in enhancing the soft power of India. Paper & Topic: GS III Internal Security of India Model Answer: About Soft Power: Political scientist Joseph Nye Jr. first used the term “soft power” in the late 1980s. It is “the power of seduction through culture, political principles, and policies rather than force” as opposed to “military hard power.” Through the years, India has used yoga, Bollywood, Sufi music, and shared traditions in the arts, cuisine, architecture, and even democratic ideals to demonstrate its soft power. Since winning big international athletic events increases a country’s soft power, nations, including India, have increased their investments in elite sports. What role does sports play in the fight for soft power? The results of Professor Dongfeng Liu’s poll of French citizens regarding their opinions of China’s performance at the 2020 Olympics show that the nation’s sporting triumphs enhanced Chinese soft power. Despite this, the human rights records of nations like China, Russia, and North Korea prevent them from enjoying a wholly favourable reputation. As a result, it is extremely challenging for these nations to create their brands. However, these factors do not stop democratic nations like India from developing their soft power. However, we can better grasp how sports contribute to soft power by using China as an example. China has been fostering P2P relationships with other nations by utilising its achievements in elite sports. African sportsmen, for instance, train in China in sports like badminton, table tennis, and swimming. The whole populace benefits, and formal connections are strengthened as a result. In order for its athletes to train alongside Kenyan athletes, who are renowned for their better long-distance running skills, China has also inked MoUs with nations like Kenya. The organisation has even asked India for help in order to improve cricket. Huge crowds attend major sporting events, giving competing nations a stage on which to present their traditions, customs, and ideals. For instance, more than 3.05 billion people watched the Olympic Games in Tokyo, a 74% increase in digital viewers over the Rio Games in 2016. This demonstrates how utilising such occasions as a platform can greatly enhance soft power. What is the current state of India in this regard: India has recently experienced a golden period in sports, as seen by its performances in the Olympics in Tokyo and the Commonwealth Games in Birmingham in 2022. The most recent games saw India earn seven medals, making them the most successful Olympic Games in its history. Neeraj Chopra, an Olympic gold medalist in the javelin throw, is now well-known. India returned home from the CWG with 61 medals, including 22 gold ones. These accolades provide the Indian people cause for celebration and showcase India’s soft power on the international arena, promoting further development toward the moniker of an important “geopolitical player.”