DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS 18 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        About the One Nation One Fertilizer Scheme Prelims & Mains 2.        Details of the Defence Expo Prelims & Mains 3.        About the Tokenisation Prelims & Mains 4.        Details of the Cheetah Reintroduction in India Prelims & Mains 1 –About the One Nation One Fertilizer Scheme: GS II Topic à Government Policies and Interventions: ·         Context: ·         The Center’s fertiliser subsidy programme, formerly known as the Prime Minister’s initiative, “Pradhanmantri Bhartiya Janurvarak Pariyojna,” has changed its name to “One Nation One Fertilizer,” which requires that all fertiliser manufacturers adopt a common trademark and emblem (PMBJP). ·         One Nation One Fertilizer, or ONOF Scheme: ·         All fertiliser companies, state trading enterprises (STEs), and fertiliser marketing organisations must use the exclusive brand names BHARAT UREA, BHARAT DAP, BHARAT MOP, and BHARAT NPK, respectively (FMEs). ·         The Pradhanmantri Bhartiya Janurvarak Pariyojna fertiliser subsidy program’s emblem will also be on the fertiliser bags. ·         Why did the government choose to employ this specific strategy? ·         Currently, the government determines the maximum retail price for urea, which compensates companies for higher import or manufacturing costs ·         Except for urea, the MRPs for fertilisers are unrestricted. ·         If a company’s MRP is higher than what the government has specifically advised, then they are not eligible for subsidies. ·         The MRPs and subsidies for around 26 different fertilisers, including urea, are established by the government. ·        Possible problems with the plan: ·         It might make it less likely for companies that sell fertilisers to launch branding and marketing campaigns. ·         Now, they will only carry out agreements for government-sponsored imports and manufacturing. Any business’s long-standing farmer relationships and brand recognition are its two most significant assets.   Source à The Hindu   2 –Details of the Defence Expo:  GS II  Topic à Government Policies and Interventions:   ·         Context:   ·         At the opening ceremony of the 12th edition of DefExpo in Gandhinagar on October 17, Defense Minister Rajnath Singh declared that India had changed from being the world’s largest importer of defence to an exporter. ·         About: ·         DefExpo 2022, the largest defence expo ever held in India, will be hosted in Gandhinagar, the Gujarati capital, from October 18–22, 2022. The 12th iteration of the event, with the theme “Path to Pride,” will take place on October 19 with Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in attendance. ·         Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh gave a speech at the Gandhinagar curtain-raiser news conference on October 17. He said that the biennial exhibition was established with the ultimate goal of satisfying domestic and friendly international demand for the Indian aerospace sector, as well as to promote, advertise, and forge alliances for that industry. He said that at DefExpo 2022, the nation’s dedication to realising the Prime Minister’s vision of “Make in India, Make for the World” will be evidenced by the domestic defence industry’s growing strength.   ·       According to Shri Rajnath Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation and the inspiration for the Swadeshi movement, would be honoured with a “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” at DefExpo 2022. The defence industry has made significant strides along the “Path to Pride” with enthusiasm and a desire to attain the goal of “Aatmanirbharta” in defence, thanks to the dynamic leadership of our Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. We quickly move up to the leadership positions in the production, development, and design fields. DefExpo 2022, which will take place during the “Amrit Kaal” festival, symbolises India’s will to rank among the top nations in the defence and aerospace industries over the course of the next 25 years. ·         In addition to being DefExpo 2022’s theme, the Raksha Mantri defined “Path to Pride” as an ongoing process in which all participants, including those from the public and private sectors, MSMEs, academia, start-up businesses, and Research & Development institutions, collaborate to provide cutting-edge concepts and products to the world.   Source à The Hindu   3 – About the Tokenisation:   GS III Topic à Economy related issues:   ·         Context: ·         The Dutch company PayU, which offers payment services, announced that it has tokenized more than 50 million cards as of this writing. ·         Background: ·         One of the most popular and practical ways to conduct transactions and acquire services in the modern world is digital. ·         The majority of us have been preserving our payment information on merchant websites due to the growth in the frequency of our online transactions, which means that our payment partners have access to sensitive financial information that is generally very private. ·        Tokenization: What is it? ·         During the tokenization procedure, credit and debit card numbers are exchanged into a unique code referred to as a “token.” ·         This token can only be used by the card, token requestor (the business that accepts a client’s request to tokenize a card and sends it to the card network to issue a token), and device.   ·         Why does RBI want to tokenize cards? ·         If security measures are insufficient when firms handle credit card information, all customers are at risk. Debit and credit card data was exposed on retailer websites as a result of numerous past hacking incidents. The RBI wants this done away with. ·         Because card tokenization is now required, banks and payment processors—not retailers—are now in control of security. ·         Tokenized card transactions are thought to be safer because the merchant does not obtain the actual card information when the transaction is completed. ·         The advantages of tokenization: ·         Transaction security: Tokenization lessens the possibility of fraud brought on by the sharing of credit card information. ·         Simple payments: At point-of-sale (PoS) terminals, the token can be used to pay with contactless cards and QR codes. ·         Only card networks and banks that issue cards will have access to any card data.   Source à The Hindu   4 – Details of the Cheetah Reintroduction

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS 15 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Global Hunger Index Prelims & Mains 2.        INS Arihant Prelims & Mains 3.        Electoral Bonds Prelims & Mains 4.        Wholesale Price Index Prelims & Mains   1 – Global Hunger Index: GS III Topic àHealth related issues   ·         Context: ·         war-torn In South Asia, only Afghanistan is ranked lower than India on the Global Hunger Index. India is in the 107th place out of 121 countries. ·         The goal of World Food Day, which is observed every year on October 16 (Sunday), is to increase public awareness of the need of a healthy diet. According to the UN, undernutrition affects about 10% of the world’s population. One in five young children will have stunted growth by 2020, which is often brought on by inadequate nutrition. These figures demonstrate how important it is to maintain a steady supply of food grains to ensure that people are nourished around the globe. India was ranked 107th overall out of 121 countries in the 2022 Global Hunger Index. In view of this acute hunger issue, India needs to use World Food Day to encourage a balanced diet and guarantee that its inhabitants have access to enough food. ·         India’s Lack of Wheat: ·         Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that India could, if necessary, supply other countries with foodgrain supplies at a conference in April of this year. If the WTO agrees, the PM claims that we have enough food grains to feed everyone on Earth. ·         Recent changes that have taken place: ·         It appears as though things have altered since six months ago. According to government data, the availability of food grains has declined and is currently at a 5-year low. According to the FCI, the food grain inventories are only barely above the necessary level. The Indian Express reports that the amount of rice and wheat available to the FCI has decreased to 511.36 lakh tonnes. The stock was greater than 816 lakh tonnes the year before. 227.5 tonnes of wheat are available. ·         But there was roughly 2.8 times too much rice in the stores (including grain from unmilled paddy). Because of this, the general position of the cereal supply remained rather stable even though FCI warehouses were carrying less grain than they did even four years earlier. ·         At a conference earlier this year in April, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that India could, if necessary, supply other nations with foodgrain supplies. According to the PM, we have enough foodgrains to feed everyone on Earth if the WTO agrees. ·         However, it appears that after six months, things have changed. Government reports indicate that the availability of food grains has decreased and is currently at a 5-year low. The food grain inventories are just slightly above the required level, according to the FCI. The FCI stock of rice and wheat has been decreased to 511.36 lakh tonnes, according to The Indian Express. The stock was greater than 816 lakh tonnes the year before. Stocks of wheat are at 227.5. ·         But stocks of rice were almost 2.8 times higher than they should have been (including grain from unmilled paddy). As a result, the general position of the cereal supply remained rather consistent even though FCI warehouses were carrying less grain than they did even four years before. Source à The Hindu   2 – INS Arihant:  GS III Topic àDefence related issues   ·         Context: ·         India’s second strike nuclear capability was confirmed on Friday with the successful launch of a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) by the nation’s first ballistic missile nuclear submarine (INS Arihant). ·           ·         About: ·         The first ballistic missile submarine with nuclear propulsion was the INS Arihant, which was entirely developed and constructed in India. ·         In 1998, the development project, which had its beginnings in the 1990s, received formal recognition. ·         Its design was influenced by the Russian Akula-1 class submarine. ·         It was put into service in 2016 after its nuclear reactor reached criticality in 2013. In that year, it was published. ·         As a part of the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) programme, it was developed over a 20-year period with Russian help. It directly answers to the Prime Minister’s Nuclear Command Authority. ·         The INS Arihant is a 6,000-ton, 110-meter-long submarine with an 11-meter beam. ·         An 83 MW pressurised light water reactor that uses enriched uranium as fuel powers it.   ·         What makes INS Arihant important? ·         India may now attack either of its neighbours, China or Pakistan, from 300 metres below the surface thanks to the Arihant. ·         The Sagarika, which has a range of 750 km, and the K-4, which has a range of 3500 km, are two sea-based missiles designed for this purpose. ·         A deterrent based on a submarine is often safe from missile attacks, unlike land-based missile systems, which can be targeted and destroyed. ·         India is the only nation to do so without simultaneously having a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.   Source à The Hindu   3 – Electoral Bonds: GS III Topic àElection related issues   ·         Context: ·         On Friday, the Supreme Court will hear several petitions challenging the rule permitting political parties to raise money under the electoral bond scheme. ·         About: ·         The Finance Bill of 2017 and the Electoral Bond Scheme were both unveiled on January 29, 2018. ·         An electoral bond may be purchased by any Indian person, any commercial company established or incorporated in India, or both. ·         Election-related bonds can be purchased individually or in large quantities. ·         The bonds perform similarly to cash in that the holder has the option of an immediate redemption and no interest is charged. ·         To be eligible to receive Electoral Bonds, a political party must be registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 (43 of 1951), and it must have received

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS 14 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Inflation Prelims & Mains 2.        Nord Stream 2 Prelims & Mains 3.        Section 66 A of the IT Act Prelims & Mains 4.        DART Mission Prelims & Mains   1 – Inflation: GS III Topic àEconomy related issues   ·         Context: ·         Food prices dramatically increased from 7.62% in August to 8.6% in September, according to a study released on Wednesday by the National Statistical Office (NSO), which caused India’s retail inflation to increase from 7% to 7.41%. ·         Inflation: What is it ·         The rate at which prices for goods and services increase within a particular economy is known as inflation. ·         When costs associated with production, such as those for labour and raw materials, rise, inflation results. ·         If consumers are willing to pay more for products and services, rising demand could lead to inflation. ·         Inflation’s effects: ·         Positive Impacts: ·         In most circumstances, businesses that produce things gain from inflation. They can sell their goods for more money, thus they make more money. ·         Periods of inflation give investors and business owners more incentives to fund successful ventures. They gain from higher returns as a result. ·         Producers generate more goods and services when they receive the appropriate finance. As a result, production of goods and services rises as a result of inflation. ·         Unfavourable Impacts: ·         Groups with fixed incomes experience a decline in real income. ·         The purchasing power of a person’s income can be used to estimate their genuine income. By dividing money income by price level, real income is calculated. ·         Thus, for those on fixed incomes like pensioners and paid employees, real income will decline. Or, to put it another way, they will have less money to spend. ·         Inflation increases profits for business owners and entrepreneurs. ·         As a result, income disparity is currently increasing. ·         However, for those in fixed-income groups, actual income declines.   Source à The Hindu   2 – Nord Stream 2: GS III Topic àScience and Technology ·         Context: ·         On Wednesday, Russian President Vladimir Putin argued in favour of resuming gas shipments to Europe via the remaining portion of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. ·         “The EU now owns the project. He claimed that all they needed to do to obtain what they wanted was turn on the faucets in a speech at a Moscow energy summit. ·         About: ·         The finished Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines will provide Germany with 110 billion cubic metres of gas annually. ·         Along with five other European firms, the big Russian energy company Gazprom constructed the Nord Stream 2. ·         The estimated value of Nord Stream 2 is $11 billion. ·         Parallel to Nord Stream 1 will be the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. ·         The pipeline, which crosses Germany and Denmark in the European Union, is more than 98 percent complete. ·         The Nord Stream 2 has a number of problems: ·         The Nord Stream 2 pipeline has drawn criticism from the US. This strategy aims to make Europe more dependent on Russian natural gas, which will give Vladimir Putin more self-assurance. Currently, 40% of the natural gas used by EU countries comes from Russia. ·         In light of Nord Stream 2: ·         Gas and oil must be imported into Germany from foreign nations. Germany is more likely to have a steady industrial sector and aims to gradually transition to renewable energy sources, so this pipeline will assist to stabilise the situation.   Source à The Hindu   3 – Section 66A of the IT Act: GS II Topic àGovernment Policies and Interventions   ·         Context: ·         The Supreme Court determined seven years ago that Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, which forbids the prosecution of free speech on social media, is unconstitutional. The Supreme Court ruled on Wednesday that the state police agencies must stop looking into these instances. ·         In the well-known ruling Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, the supreme court ruled that the Act was too unclear and unconstitutionally vague to impose restrictions on online free speech. The Act was consequently declared unlawful by the court in 2015. ·         What does Section 66A aim to achieve? ·         In 2008, the IT Act of 2000 was amended to give the government the power to imprison and penalise someone for making allegedly “offensive and dangerous” words online. ·         Maximum prison sentence for transmitting communications via a computer or another piece of communication equipment, like a cell phone or tablet, is three years if found guilty. ·         What gave rise to the law’s controversy? ·         It was a challenge to define what was “offensive.” The fact that the term has so many varied connotations allows for a wide range of interpretations. ·         It was argued in the petitions that the clause may be used to restrict the freedom of expression guaranteed by the constitution online because the Act does not expressly define most of the terminology used in the section.   Source à The Hindu   4 – DART Mission: GS III Topic àScience and Technology   ·         Context: ·         NASA determined that the asteroid Dimorphos’ course was effectively shifted by the impact of the DART satellite after analysing the data gathered over the previous two weeks. This is the first time that a celestial object’s motion has been altered by humans. Additionally, this is the first time the “kinetic impactor” asteroid mitigation strategy has been used. ·         About: ·         DART was the first mission ever created specifically for the study and demonstration of an asteroid deflection technique that modifies an asteroid’s spaceborne velocity by kinetic contact. ·         In order to alter DART’s speed and trajectory, this strategy will cause it to purposefully collide with a target asteroid that doesn’t pose a threat to Earth. ·         The Didymos near-Earth asteroid system, which contains the larger “Didymos” (diameter: approximately 2,560 feet) and the smaller

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS 13 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Details of the G 7 Prelims & Mains 2.        About the International Monetary Fund Prelims & Mains 3.        Details of the Right to Information Act Prelims & Mains 4.        About the 5 G Sector in India Prelims & Mains   1 – Details of the G7: GS II Topic àInternational Relations   ·         Context: ·         The G7 summit was supposed to denounce a previous missile onslaught that Kyiv’s allies perceived to be a sign of Moscow’s desperation. On Tuesday, Russia claimed that it had begun “mass” attacks on Ukraine hours before. ·         What is G7? ·         The Group of Seven is a loose alliance of established democracies (G7). ·         The group meets once a year to talk about topics like global economic governance, energy policy, and international security ·         The countries that make up the G7 are the US, Canada, France, the UK, Germany, Italy, and Japan. ·         India is one of the G20’s members, along with each of the other G7 countries ·         The G7 lacks a written constitution as well as a fixed headquarters. The decisions made by leaders during yearly summits are not legally enforceable. ·         Participants in G7 ·         As a special guest, Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the 45th G-7 Summit in Biarritz, France. ·         Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has previously travelled to five G-7 gatherings. ·         Recent rapid economic growth in India, China, and Brazil has lessened the significance of the G-7 group globally and continuously decreased its share of global GDP. The chances of the group surviving in this situation are slim. In this situation, India has assumed a crucial role for the G7 nations. ·        India’s participation in the G-7: ·         India and the European Union disagree on data security, which has an impact on the political environment in Jammu and Kashmir. The G-7 group will provide a separate forum for dialogue between India and the European Union. ·         All three of these countries have influence in the international community because they are all permanent members of the UN Security Council, which is advantageous for India. ·         India will be able to support its longtime buddy in joining if Russia does. ·         Through this organisation, India might introduce concepts like the democratisation of international institutions to the rest of the world. ·         The increased economic ties between these countries and India will increase the number of employment opportunities for the Indian populace. ·         Conclusion: ·         The requests for India to attend G-7 meetings and the push for membership are clear signs of its growing power. The G-7 was created to symbolise the most developed economies in the world, and India is currently one of the top five economies in the world. Another indication of India’s growing power is the UN Security Council’s choice to propose India as a temporary member. The G-7 members now have to focus on the expansion of the group.   Source à The Hindu   2 – About the International Monetary Fund: GS II Topic à International Relations   ·         Context: ·         According to the International Monetary Fund, a global slowdown will occur in the upcoming year, affecting India as well, as a result of the conflict in Russia and Ukraine, tightening monetary policy globally, the greatest inflation in decades, and the lingering impacts of the epidemic (IMF). ·         Background: ·         The Bretton Woods Conference led to the creation of the IMF in 1944. ·         The International Monetary Fund (IMF), which was founded on December 27, 1945, currently consists of 189 countries. ·         The International Monetary Fund (IMF), based in Washington, D.C., is dedicated to promoting global commerce, employment, and economic growth as well as maintaining financial stability. ·         The International Monetary Fund is one of the UN’s major agencies (IMF). ·         In reaction to the collapse of global monetary cooperation during the Great Depression, the IMF was founded with the goal of boosting economic growth and eliminating poverty globally. The Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 saw the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). ·         The meeting, which discussed a framework for post-war international economic cooperation, drew approximately 45 official delegations.   ·         Goals of the IMF: ·         Encourage international financial cooperation. ·         assurance of financial safety. ·         international trade facilitation ·         Encourage strong employment growth and a reliable economic recovery. ·         Administrative Organization: ·         The IMF is effectively managed by the United Nations, which is also its parent organisation. ·         The Managing Director of the IMF is chosen by the Executive Board and serves a five-year term. ·         The Executive Board, Ministerial Committees, and Board of Governors comprise the International Monetary Fund (IMF).   Source à The Hindu   3 – Details of the Right to Information Act  GS II Topic àGovernment Policies and Interventions   ·         Context: ·         Nearly 17 years after India passed the Right to Information (RTI) Act, there are still roughly 3.15 lakh unresolved complaints or appeals with 26 information commissions across the country, proving that the nation’s purported system of openness is still an illusion. ·         Right to Information Act (RTI) of 2005: ·         There are numerous aspects of public authority organisation and management that must be openly and honestly revealed. It offers details on their organisational structure, operational procedures, officers’ and employees’ rights and obligations, as well as financial information. ·         A body of self-government known as a “public authority” is one that was established in line with the Constitution, a statute, or a legal decree. ·         Ministries, public sector organisations, and regulators are a few of them. ·         It also includes any businesses that are wholly owned, managed, or financed by the government as well as any organisations that rely directly or indirectly on money from the government. ·         Governments are typically encouraged by the regulation to release information in an unexpected and proactive way. ·         Citizens may purchase any unavailable information for a small fee via clear

 DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS 12 OCTOBER 2022   . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        SC Collegium Prelims & Mains 2.        Space Economy Prelims & Mains 3.        Russian Missile Attacks on Ukraine Prelims & Mains 4.        SCO Prelims & Mains   1 – SC Collegium: GS II Topic à Judiciary related issues ·         Context: ·         The Law Ministry has already requested that the Chief Justice of India, U.U. Lalit, name his successor; as a result, the Supreme Court Collegium has agreed to cease further discussion of the ten candidates for justices on the highest court. ·         About: ·         The collegium, which is presided over by the Chief Justice of India, is composed of the Supreme Court’s four senior-most justices. ·         The four seniormost judges on the High Court make up the collegium, which is led by the Chief Justice of the High Court. ·         Names recommended for appointment by a High Court collegium do not reach the government until they have been approved by the CJI and Supreme Court collegium. ·         The collegium system is used to select judges for the higher judiciary. ·         Government Role: ·         The government will be involved once the collegium has chosen names. ·         The government is required to have the Intelligence Bureau conduct an inquiry before a lawyer is appointed as a judge in the High Court or Supreme Court (IB). ·         The government may also object to the collegium’s conclusions and demand explanations. ·         If the collegium suggests the same names again, the government must appoint them as judges in conformity with the Constitution Bench’s rulings. ·         Constitutional Provision: ·         The Supreme Court and High Court judges are chosen by the President in accordance with Articles 124(2) and 217 of the Constitution. ·         The President shall confer with any justices of the Supreme Court and of the High Court who he deems to be important.   Source à The Hindu   2 – Space Economy: GS II Topic àScience and Technology related issues   ·         Context: ·         According to a report co-authored by EY and the Indian Space Organisation (ISpA), the nation’s leading industry association of space and satellite enterprises, the Indian space economy is predicted to reach $13 billion by 2025. ·         Introduction: ·         Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, was launched in 1957, marking the beginning of space exploration. The bitter struggle between the US and the former USSR to rule the universe defined the cold war era. In this competition, state-owned space organisations from the USSR and US grabbed the lead. The most significant change in the global space economy since then, among many others, has been the engagement of the commercial sector. Humans first entered space in a private, as opposed to a government-built, craft in 2020, making history. ·         What is the state of the space economy right now? ·         The $447 billion global space market is divided into three segments: the commercial satellite market, operator revenue, and ground infrastructure and operations (space services and consumer equipment). ·         The three following sectors make up an alternative classification model for the space economy: (a) launch operations; (b) space surveillance, monitoring, leasing, and trading; and (c) (d) space applications (Direct to Home broadcast, satellite telephony, remote sensing, etc). ·         Why is it necessary to emphasise the space economy? ·         India barely manages to take 2%, or US$7 billion, of the global space economy, thus there is a huge untapped potential. The small fraction cannot be explained solely by resources and technology; policy must also be changed ·         Economic Growth: Enabling end-to-end commercial space operations will lead to a $5 trillion US economy by 2024. Furthermore, it is anticipated that by 2040, the market for the space economy will increase by more than US$ 1 trillion. ·         Low Cost: The Indian space industry can launch spacecraft for a far smaller sum of money. This was demonstrated by the Mars Orbiter Mission, which was 10 times less expensive than missions from the West. You will gain a lot of international business because of this. ·         Demand is rising, and by 2026, 10,000 satellites are anticipated to be placed in low-Earth orbit. Additionally, from US$ 12.6 billion to US$ 42.8 billion, the predicted expansion of small and miniature satellites has increased thrice. Small and medium-sized businesses might therefore enter the market in a variety of ways as a result. ·         What actions has the government made to advance the space economy? ·         The Indian Space Association (ISpA) works to speak on behalf of the industry as a whole in India. Leading domestic and foreign businesses with cutting-edge experience in satellite and space technologies will represent ISpA. ·         The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) was established with the goal of giving private companies an equal opportunity to use the Indian space architecture. By serving as a connection between any interested private enterprises and the ISRO, IN-SPACe will hasten time-consuming administrative processes. It will be advantageous in two ways: (a) It will make it possible for more capable people to conduct academic research and study. For instance, establishing a SpaceX-like organisation in India would free up ISRO to concentrate on more difficult missions, such as the development of cutting-edge technologies. ·         Opening the Space Sector: In June 2020, the government allowed commercial engagement from India in all spheres of space activity. The development of satellites, their deployment, and formerly unattainable space-based services are all examples of this. ·         What obstacles face the growth of the space economy ·         Budgetary Restraints: According to the CDS and IIST study, less money has been set aside for space-related operations. This has caused a decline in the space economy during the past two years. Budget expenditures decreased from INR 13,033.2 billion in the previous fiscal year to INR 9,500 billion in 2020–21 ·         Using scientific methodologies, the CDS and IIST paper was an early attempt to estimate the extent of the space economy. The market for space-based remote sensing was still too

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS 11 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Direct Tax Revenue in India Prelims & Mains 2.        UN Peacekeeping Mission Prelims & Mains 3.        Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan Prelims & Mains 4.        Malabar Exercise Prelims & Mains 1 – Direct Tax Revenue in India: GS III  Topic àIndian Economy related issues   ·         Context: ·         According to a report from the Finance Ministry on October 9, 2022, India’s net direct tax receipts for the two-year period 2022–23 had risen to 7.45 lakh crore by October 8, surpassing this year’s Budget estimates by 16.3%. ·         A direct tax is one for which the organisation collecting it gets payment directly from the person or company paying it. A direct tax cannot be passed along to another individual or company. The entity that is required to pay the tax is in charge of seeing to it that it is paid. Corporate taxes, securities transaction taxes, and income taxes are examples of direct taxes. ·         About Direct Tax: ·         A direct tax is one that the government imposes and collects from people who will be impacted by it directly. ·         Levying and collecting direct taxes as well as developing other direct tax regulations fall within the purview of the Central Board of Direct Taxes. ·         A taxpayer may be required to pay a direct tax to the government for a number of different reasons, including real estate taxes, personal property taxes, income taxes, asset taxes, gift taxes, capital gains taxes, and others. ·         One of the two primary sources of revenue for the government is direct taxes. Another is indirect tax. ·         Direct Tax Advantages: ·         To promote economic and social balance, the government establishes several tax bands based on an individual’s income and age. The tax rate is impacted by the nation’s economic situation. People get exceptions in order to balance out economic inequalities. ·         guarantees equality: In order for the government to help the poor and disadvantaged in society, higher profits must be paid in taxes by people and enterprises. The outcome is that the economy is still in balance. ·         Offers Clarity Because both the government and the taxpayers are aware of the exact amount of tax that must be paid and collected, direct taxes give both sides a sense of security. ·         When inflation gets out of hand, the government boosts taxes to reduce demand for goods and services, which results in a drop in inflation. ·         Direct tax disadvantages include: ·         Tax evasion is simple because not everyone wants to make a payment. Some people are willing to file a fake tax return in order to avoid paying taxes. These people can simply conceal their money because they are not required to abide by state laws. ·         Tax slabs don’t make sense: If taxes are progressive, they are determined at random by the finance minister. If it is proportional, the poor are substantially burdened. ·         hinders expansion High taxes discourage people from investing and saving money, which is detrimental to the nation’s economy. It damages companies and industries by impeding their expansion. Source à The Hindu   2 – UN Peacekeeping Mission  GS II Topic àInternational Relations   ·         Context: ·         According to U.N. Undersecretary General Jean-Pierre Lacroix, who visited Delhi last week to discuss the demand for more “robust” mandates and better equipment, training, and technology with Indian officials, the number of deaths among United Nations Peacekeeping Forces (UNPKF) in direct attacks is rising. Recent anti-U.N. actions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) resulted in the deaths of two Indian soldiers. These incidents happened about the same time that Mr. Lacroix was visiting the area. ·         About: ·         In 1948, the United Nations was established. ·         Due to their light blue berets and helmets, they are frequently referred to as “Blue Berets” or “Blue Helmets.” ·         Its objective is to give unstable nations protection, political backing, and aid in establishing peace. It aids nations in making the challenging early transition from war to peace. ·         It is based on the following three essential ideas: ·         The parties’ mutual awareness that employing force to protect themselves or uphold the law is not always necessary. ·         Every UN Security Council-approved peacekeeping deployment is sanctioned. ·         Soldiers from member countries voluntarily join the peacekeeping troops. ·         UN peacekeeping missions must receive financial support from all UN Member States. Each Member State is required by law to contribute its fair share to keeping the peace. ·         India’s involvement with UN peacekeepers: ·         India consistently ranks among the top nations that dispatch troops to the UN. Currently, 5,528 Indian service members are deployed to eight different nations. the fifth-largest contribution at the moment. ·         India contributes 0.83% to the general fund and 0.16 percent to the peacekeeping fund. Source à The Hindu   3 – Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan:  GS II Topic àGovernment Schemes   ·         Context: ·         Home Minister Amit Shah predicted that the country as a whole would adopt a unified strategy in the war on narcotics, which has been stepped up by the north-eastern States. ·         Introduction: ·         The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) programme was introduced on August 15, 2020, in 272 Districts that had been determined to be the nation’s most drug-vulnerable areas. To remove narcotics from India is the goal of NMBA. ·         Using data from the Comprehensive National Survey and suggestions from the Narcotics Control Bureau, these vulnerable areas were located (NCB). ·         The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has undertaken two national drug surveys in the previous 30 years (since the NDPS was established), which were released in 2004 and 2019. These surveys’ findings indicate that drug use has been rising steadily across India. ·         Both a national and international duty: ·         India has a responsibility to take action to stop the use of illegal drugs, establish methods to stop drug use, and provide access to treatment for those with drug use

DAILYCURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS   10 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Crimean Peninsula Prelims & Mains 2.        Nobel Prize in Physics Prelims & Mains 3.        Heatwaves Prelims & Mains 4.        VVPAT System Prelims & Mains 1 – Crimean Peninsula: GS II Topic à Geography related issues   ·         Context: ·         On October 8, an explosion partially collapsed a bridge that connects the Crimean Peninsula with Russia, cutting off a vital supply line for the Kremlin’s sputtering military operation in southern Ukraine. The explosion claimed the lives of three persons, according to Russian authorities. ·         Crimean Peninsula: ·         Eastern European peninsula known as Crimea runs along the Black Sea’s northern shore. ·         The smaller Sea of Azov and the Black Sea completely encircle the peninsula. ·         It is connected to Kherson Oblast in Ukraine, which is south of where it lies, by the Perekop Isthmus. ·         Its western neighbour Krasnodar Krai is separated from it by the Strait of Kerch. ·         Black Sea: ·         The Black Sea is an Atlantic Ocean side sea that is located between Europe and Asia. Southeast Europe’s Balkans are to the east, Eastern Europe’s East European Plain is to the south, the Caucasus is to the west, and Western Asia’s Anatolia is to the north. ·         Important rivers including the Danube, Dnieper, and Don supply it. ·        In addition to the six countries that border it, there are many others whose watersheds flow into the sea. ·         Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine all about the Black Sea. Source à The Hindu   2 – Nobel Prize in Physics: GS III  Topic àScience and Technology related issues   ·         Context: ·         Chemists Carolyn R. Bertozzi, K. Barry Sharpless, and Morten Meldal from the United States, Denmark, and Norway have been given the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. ·         In his endowment, Alfred Nobel established the first award category for physics in 1895. Many people, perhaps even Nobel, believed that physics was the most important branch of science at the end of the nineteenth century. His own work also contains a large amount of physics. ·         In Stockholm, Sweden, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics. ·         About the Nobel Prize in Physics 2022: ·         Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger were given the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics for their “experiments using entangled photons, confirming the violation of Bell inequalities, and pioneering quantum information science.” ·         With their discoveries, they paved the door for ground-breaking quantum information-based technology. Source à The Hindu   3 – Heatwaves: GS I  Topic à Geography related issues   ·         Context: ·         A heatwave is a period of unusually high temperatures that normally lasts three days or longer. From March to June, heatwaves are common in India. Every season, there are often two to three heatwave events. Due to the favourable weather, heatwaves are mostly recorded over two regions: central and northwest India, as well as the beaches of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. ·         About: ·         A heat wave is a period of unusually high temperatures that lasts longer than the ordinary summertime high temperature in North-Western India. In certain rare circumstances, heat waves might even last into July. Typically, heat waves happen from March to June. Due to the physiological stress they cause, the high temperatures and associated climatic conditions have a considerable impact on the local population and can occasionally cause fatalities. ·         The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has given the following criteria for Heat Waves: ·         Heat Wave need not be considered till maximum temperature of a station reaches atleast 40°C for Plains and atleast 30°C for Hilly regions ·         When normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C Heat Wave Departure from normal is 5°C to 6°C Severe Heat Wave Departure from normal is 7°C or more ·         When normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40°C Heat Wave Departure from normal is 4°C to 5°C Severe Heat Wave Departure from normal is 6°C or more ·         When actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, heat waves should be declared. Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becomingly increasingly frequent globally due to climate change. India too is feeling the impact of climate change in terms of increased instances of heat waves which are more intense in nature with each passing year, and have a devastating impact on human health thereby increasing the number of heat wave casualties.   Source à The Hindu     4 – VVPAT System: GS II Topic à Election related issues   ·         Context: ·         A petition asking for the use of technology to allow blind voters to authenticate their votes was accepted by the Supreme Court last month, which ignited a discussion. Some disability rights organisations have expressed worries about potential logistical problems. ·         Background: ·         Rule 49A of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, which mandates that every EVM must have both a control unit and a balloting unit, must be complied with by VVPATs. ·         A voting device may also have a printer and a drop box to print a paper record of votes cast, according to the law. ·         About VVPAT: ·         The EC concluded that VVPATs will contribute to ensuring that the voting process is transparent after speaking with political parties. ·         A by-election in Nagaland in 2013 was the first election to employ these machines. ·         A VVPAT is used to link the electronic voting machine (EVM). Currently, a voter uses an electronic voting machine to cast their ballot. ·         The name of the candidate who received the most votes and the logo of his party are printed on a paper slip made by the VVPAT and attached to the EVM. The machine’s control panel logs this. The voting compartment contains a printer that is

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS  08 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Indian Agricultural Research Institute Prelims & Mains 2.        Forex Reserves of India Prelims & Mains 3.        Solomon Islands Prelims & Mains 4.        G 20 Prelims & Mains 1 – Indian Agricultural Research Institute: GS II Topic àAgriculture related issues   ·         Context: ·         Even though it is still early, statistics from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), which tracks such incidents by satellite, show that the frequency of crop fires reported out of Punjab is at a three-year low. The number of recorded fires this year is only 320, as opposed to 620 and 1,935 in 2021 and 2020, respectively. ·         About IARI: ·         The Pusa Institute, commonly known as the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), set off on its journey in 1905 at Pusa with a stunning contribution of 30,000 pounds from an American benefactor named Mr. Henry Phipps (Bihar). The Agricultural Research Institute was the previous name of the organisation (ARI). Mycology, economic botany, chemistry, cattle breeding, and agriculture were its five departments. In 1907, the bacteriology section was added. Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research replaced ARI as the organization’s name in 1911, and Imperial Agricultural Research Institute replaced it in 1919. The institute was moved to Delhi on July 29, 1936, as a result of a severe earthquake that occurred on January 15, 1934. The organization’s new name following independence is Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). ·        IARI’s main mission in the 1950s was the development of scientific disciplines, which helped to pave the way for the organization’s spectacular expansion in the 1960s and 1970s. It received recognition as a Deemed University in 1958. The fields of IARI produced well-known wheat types that enhanced output by an estimated one billion tonnes, assisting in the green revolution that made millions of Indians happy. IARI continues to be the leading institution in the nation for agricultural research, teaching, and extension as the Mother of several ICAR institutions. ·         The Institute’s current campus is a 500 hectare (or 1250 acres) sylvan tract that is completely enclosed. It is roughly 16 kilometres (10 miles) east of IGI Airport and 8 kilometres (5 miles) west of New Delhi Railway Station (Palam). The coordinates are 28.08 0N and 77.12 0E, and the elevation is 228.61 metres above mean sea level (750 feet). It’s not far from the hillside road. ·         Currently, the Institute is made up of 20 divisions, five multidisciplinary centres with their headquarters in Delhi, eight regional stations, two off-season nurseries, three All India Coordinated Research Projects with IARI as their headquarters, and ten national centres that are actively involved in those programmes. 3540 of its authorised employees are technical, administrative, scientific, and support people. Source à The Hindu   2 – Forex Reserves of India  GS III Topic àIndian Economy   ·         Context: ·         India’s foreign exchange reserves decreased to $532.66 billion in the week ending September 30 according to the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) weekly statistics supplement, the lowest level since July 2020. ·         What exactly are foreign exchange reserves? ·         Significant assets held by the central bank in other currencies as reserves are known as foreign exchange reserves. ·         They are frequently employed to decide on monetary policy and to maintain exchange rates. ·         In addition to dollars and a certain number of IMF SDRs, gold makes up India’s foreign reserves. ·         Due to the US dollar’s prominence in global trade and the financial system, the majority of reserves are frequently stored in this currency. ·         In addition to holding reserves in US dollars, some central banks also hold reserves in British pounds, Japanese yen, and euros. ·        What makes these reserves so crucial? ·         Due to the fact that all foreign transactions are settled in US dollars, India must finance its imports. ·         More significantly, the general public must continue to trust and support the central bank’s actions, whether they include decisions on monetary policy or measures to stabilise the exchange rate. ·         Furthermore, it helps to reduce any vulnerability brought on by unforeseen pauses in foreign money flows that can occur during a crisis. ·         Holding liquid foreign currency provides insurance against such outcomes by guaranteeing that there will be enough foreign currency to cover the country’s imports in the case of external shocks. ·         Government programmes to increase foreign exchange: ·         One of several efforts the Indian government has begun to boost foreign exchange reserves is AatmaNirbhar Bharat, which aims to make India self-sufficient so that it won’t need to import goods that it can make. ·         In addition to Aatma Nirbhar Bharat, the government has launched a number of other initiatives, including the Nirvik (Niryat Rin Vikas Yojana) programme and the Remission of Duty or Taxes on Export Product (RoDTEP) programme. ·         In addition to these initiatives, India is among the top nations that attracted the most foreign direct investment, growing its foreign exchange reserves.   Source à The Hindu   3 – Solomon Islands: GS II Topic àInternational Relations   ·         Context: ·         Manasseh Sogavare, the prime minister of the Solomon Islands, said on Friday that his country has promised Australia that it will not let a Chinese military presence on its soil. ·         About: ·         The Solomon Islands are a nation located in the western Pacific Ocean. ·         It is made up of two chains of coral atolls and volcanic islands in Melanesia. ·         The Solomon Islands are made up of 900 smaller coral atolls, reefs, and six large volcanic islands. ·         the nation-archipelago to the southeast of Papua New Guinea made consists of a number of sizable volcanic islands. ·         Before closing it in 1993, the US maintained an embassy in the Solomon Islands for five years.   Source à The Hindu   4 – G 20: GS II Topic à International Relations   ·         Context: ·         India will have the opportunity to develop in the areas of debt sustainability, education,

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS  07 OCTOBER 2022 . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme Prelims & Mains 2.        OPEC Prelims & Mains 3.        UNHRC Prelims & Mains 4.        Bandhavgarh Caves Prelims & Mains    1 – Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme: GS II Topic àGovernment Policies and Interventions ·         Context: ·         The Ministry of Finance expanded the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) lending limit, allowing airlines to borrow up to Rs. 1,500 crore, or 100% of their existing debt. ·         About: ·         The objective is to extend additional commercial credit that is fully guaranteed and collateral-free to MSMEs, corporate entities, MUDRA borrowers, and individual borrowers, up to a maximum of 20% of their outstanding loan as of February 29, 2020. ·         The National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company provides a 100% guarantee coverage while banks and non-banking financial institutions (NBFCs) provide loans. ·         Borrowers can participate in the scheme if they had credit outstanding as of February 29, 2020, totaling up to 50 crore rupees, and if their yearly revenues were up to 250 crore rupees. ·         On August 1, the government increased the maximum amount of debt that may be borrowed and broadened the scope of the Rs. 3 lakh crore-ECLGS programme to cover loans given to professionals for business purposes, including doctors, attorneys, and chartered accountants. ·         A one-year principle payment moratorium is included in the four-year loan term offered by the Scheme. ·         The Scheme caps interest rates at 9.25 percent for banks and other FIs and at 14 percent for NBFCs. ·         current circumstance A total of Rs. 1.48 lakh crore has been disbursed thus far, while Rs. 2.03 lakh crore has been sanctioned under the Scheme to 60.67 lakh borrowers, according to data uploaded by Member Lending Institutions on the ECLGS website.   Source à The Hindu  2 – OPEC: GS II Topic àInternational Organizations: ·         Context: ·         Due to the increase in global oil prices following the announcement of significant OPEC+ supply cutbacks, the record-breaking six-month price freeze for gasoline and diesel adjustments will probably be extended. ·         About OPEC: ·         At the Baghdad Conference in 1960, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela established the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC is a continuous international organisation. ·         In an effort to stabilise the price of oil on the global market and avoid volatility that would harm the economies of both oil-producing and -consuming nations, it works to limit the supply of oil. ·         Their head office is located in Vienna, Austria. ·         A nation can become a member of OPEC if it adheres to its ideals and exports a significant amount of oil. ·         The membership of Gabon was terminated in January 1995. But in July 2016, it rejoined the Organization once more. ·         Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, Angola, Ecuador, and Venezuela make up the 14 countries that make up OPEC as of 2019.   Source à The Hindu   3 – UNHRC:  GS II Topic à International Organizations:   ·         Context: ·         Ali Sabry, the foreign minister of Saudi Arabia, issued a warning during the 51st session of the U.N. Human Rights Council, stating that Sri Lanka would have “far less” support from the Geneva-based body. ·         About: ·         The Human Rights Council, a global organisation that serves as an arm of the UN, is tasked with strengthening the promotion and defence of human rights around the world. ·         Formation: ·         The Council was founded in 2006 by the UN General Assembly. The old UN Human Rights Commission was replaced by this one. ·         The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights houses the secretariat of the Human Rights Council (OHCHR). ·         The administrative hub of the OHCHR is in Geneva, Switzerland. ·         Members: ·         It is made up of 47 countries that are UN members and were selected by the UN General Assembly (UNGA). ·         The UNGA considers the candidate States’ voluntary commitments and obligations in this area, as well as their contributions to the advancement and defence of human rights. ·         Methods and techniques: ·         Evaluation of the situation of human rights in each UN member state is the goal of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). ·         As the Council’s “think tank,” the Advisory Committee provides insights and suggestions on certain thematic human rights challenges. ·         People and organisations can inform the Council of violations of human rights through the complaint process. ·         U.N. Special Protocols These are made up of special rapporteurs, special representatives, neutral experts, and working groups that keep tabs on, look into, offer advice on, and publish reports on a range of subjects, including the situation with human rights in various countries. ·        Issues: ·         The Council’s membership, which occasionally includes countries with a history of violating human rights, has drawn scathing criticism from some quarters. ·         China, Cuba, Eritrea, Russia, Venezuela, and other nations are accused of violating global human rights laws. ·         Focusing too heavily on Israel—the country that has gotten the most unfavourable council rulings of any nation—was the reason the USA departed the Agency in 2018. Source à The Hindu      4 – Bandhavgarh Caves:  GS I Topic àIndian Culture: ·         Context: ·         In Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, the Archaeological Survey of India has done research and just just made its findings public. According to the ASI, neighbouring excavations turned up Buddhist caves from the second century and Hindu temples from the eighth and ninth centuries. The eight statues that depict Vishnu’s avatars have been described. ·         About: ·        One of the monolithic sculptures that reflect the 10 avatars of Lord Vishnu is the Varaha sculpture. ·         Some conclusions are: ·         There were 26 Buddhist caves between the second and fifth century. The caverns contain some of the artefacts of Mahayana Buddhist sites, including stone beds and “Chaitya” (round) entrances.

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS ANALYSIS     05 OCTOBER 2022                           . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.        Gambling in India Prelims & Mains 2.        Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Prelims & Mains 3.        National Medical Commission Prelims & Mains 4.        UNCTAD Prelims & Mains     1 – Gambling in India:   GS III   Topic àInternal Security of India:   ·         Context:   ·         The Information and Broadcasting Ministry on Monday prohibited advertising or airing advertisements for online betting platforms or any fictitious goods that resemble them on online news websites, OTT services, and private TV networks.   ·         In Indian culture, betting is very common. Bets are made while playing cards, before to cricket events, and even during street animal fights. Irish philosopher Edmund Burke claimed that the idea of gambling is entrenched in human nature. Indian regulations have not evolved in the last century to reflect how society views gambling, which is increasingly seen as an acceptable form of entertainment.   ·         The Public Gambling Act, which outlined penalties for public gambling as well as guidelines for the maintenance of shared gaming facilities, was India’s initial attempt to regulate gambling. Each territory (now each State) was given permission to extend the Act to the State under Section 2 of the Act.   ·         In 1887, the Bombay Prevention of Gambling Act became a legal document. Both gambling and gaming are considered forms of gaming under the Act.   ·         The state laws are inconsistent and mostly pertain to actual gambling. Since they are not covered by the constitution, state governments are free to adopt their own legislation.   ·         Online gambling is only tangentially mentioned under Section 67 of the Information Technology Act of 2000, which forbids the dissemination of information that “corrupts” individuals online.   ·         It may be deduced from the numerous Central and State Act sections that while gambling is not allowed in private residences, it is prohibited in public or open gaming establishments. ·           ·         Gambling vs. betting: High stakes card games are typically considered gambling, but playing casino games and placing bets on things like sporting events are generally considered betting.   ·         Despite the fact that gambling and gaming are a state responsibility, States have mostly based their gambling regulations on the antiquated Public Gambling Act of 1867. Ironically, despite India still adhering to a British prohibitionist rule, the U.K. legalised and regulated a variety of gambling and betting activities decades ago.   ·         In order to start a much-needed change, the Law Commission of India’s examination into whether or not gambling and betting should be legalised in the nation is crucial.   ·         Why legalise gaming?   ·         Law enforcement agencies are unable to halt the enormous amount of gambling that is already occurring.   ·         After failing to regulate illegal betting, which occurs on a vast scale and deprives the state of a significant opportunity to make money, legalising, regulating, and taxing the ensuing revenues is the only option left. According to rumours, criminal syndicates control the majority of gaming and betting, and they use the unreported profits to fund nefarious acts like terrorism.   ·         Legalizing the practise will not only assist criminal organisations in cutting off a significant source of black money, but it will also generate a sizeable quantity of tax revenue for the government, which can be applied to a number of beneficial social programmes.   ·         Although other, more recent assessments place a larger value on the Indian gambling industry, its size is believed to range from $60 billion to $80 billion. According to a 2010 KPMG report, this is the case. Even a reasonable assessment suggests that legalising sports betting may result in the government collecting hundreds of rupees in taxes. Additionally, the expected tax revenue would be significantly larger if casinos and online gambling were legalised.   ·         Many jobs and financial opportunities will be generated by a controlled, legal gaming industry. Global employment opportunities have significantly risen as a result of gambling legislation. For instance, the legal gaming sector in the United States employs more than 2.5 million people, compared to more than 1 lakh in the United Kingdom.   ·         It must be kept in mind that gambling is still pervasive and unrestrained in today’s culture despite being widely prohibited, despite worries that it might lead to addiction and financial disaster. At many social gatherings, gambling has long been accepted as a form of amusement. Despite the fact that there are several instances of people losing their jobs and taking their own lives as a result of careless gaming, authorities still choose to ignore the issue.   ·         The Lodha Committee has previously advocated for the legalisation of gambling.   ·         Several Important Decisions:   ·         Supreme Court cases have addressed the legality of numerous betting-related activities, including horse races and card games. In K.R. Lakshmanan v. State of Tamil Nadu, it was determined that horse racing was a game of skill rather than chance, and in State of Andhra Pradesh v. K. Satyanarayana & Ors., it was determined that rummy was a game of skill rather than solely reliant on chance.   Source à The Hindu   2 – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: GS I  Topic àModern Indian History   ·         Context: ·         In a letter to former MP Tarlochan Singh, a trustee of the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, the Centre stated its desire to “address the concerns” related to the memorial’s renovation and stated that a team of professionals would go to the site for an examination. ·         Rowlatt Act: ·         The Rowlatt Act (Black Act), passed on March 10, 1919, gave the government the right to detain or arrest anyone connected to seditious activity without a court hearing. This caused turmoil throughout the nation. ·         The Satyagraha movement was started by Gandhi Ji to protest the Rowlatt Act. ·         On April 7,