. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.       Digital Lending Prelims & Mains 2.       Lumpy Skin Disease Prelims & Mains 3.       La Nina Prelims & Mains 4.       E – Sim Technology Prelims Specific Topic   1 – Digital Lending:  GS III  Topic à Economy related issues  ·       Context:  ·       The governor of India’s Reserve Bank (RBI), Shaktikanta Das, expressed alarm about digital lending on Tuesday, citing a number of complaints regarding exorbitant interest rates, unethical collection methods, and data privacy concerns. In order to ensure that clients were protected while having their requirements satisfied, he emphasised the necessity for the FinTech sector to focus on governance, corporate conduct, regulatory compliance, and risk reduction.  ·       About:  ·       The loan sector has lately changed as a result of digital technology. The lending landscape has changed as a result of the desire for a better client experience, quicker response times, and the application of modern technology like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). But there are several problems with the current lending landscape in the digital age. In an effort to soothe these concerns, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has produced guidelines designed to enhance the regulatory environment for such activities. The Working Group on “Digital Lending, including Lending through Online Platforms and Mobile Apps” (WGDL), which was founded in January 2021, produced recommendations that influenced the creation of the most current rules.  ·       What is the makeup of the online lending market?  ·       Lending made feasible by technology on websites or mobile applications is referred to as “digital lending.” Automated technologies and algorithms are utilised for client acquisition, credit assessment, decision making, authentication, disbursements, and recovery. In addition to lowering costs, it also guarantees fast payment. ·       Since Lending Service Providers (LSPs) and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) work together to provide loans (or lines of credit) to clients, the platform of the former has several sides.  ·       How far advanced is the digital lending market in India?  ·       Digital lending is one of the fintech industries in India that is growing the fastest. It has grown significantly from a volume of US$ 9 billion in 2012 to almost US$ 110 billion in 2019. In addition, it is predicted that the market for digital financing will have increased to a size of roughly US$350 billion by 2023. ·       The main players in this industry are neo-banks, non-banking financial organisations, and fintech startups (NBFCs). ·       Its consumers include, in particular, small borrowers without credit histories who aren’t served by traditional financial institutions. Short-term loans, especially those with terms of fewer than 30 days, are their main area of expertise. ·       The role of financial intermediaries is being rapidly occupied by commercial banks as well. These banks either work independently with NBFCs or jointly with them to create synergies through digital lending.  ·       Why has digital lending grown so swiftly in popularity?  ·       First, the rapid development of blockchain, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and other technologies, as well as faster and less expensive internet connectivity, has contributed to the rise of FinTech start-ups. Additionally, lending has evolved and “gone digital.” ·       Second, thanks to the August 2015 launch of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) programme, lenders now have access to the synergy of the sizable client base that banks have created over the previous ten years. ·       Third, the sector has a large opportunity that is attracting substantial investment. Digital lending platforms have shown a 19.6% compound annual growth rate over the past seven years. ·       Fourth, according to KPMG, the rapid digitization of the economy and services has substantially improved financial inclusion and digital lending.  ·       Which benefits of digital lending are more notable?  ·       Easy loan disbursement: Digital lending platforms have made it possible for borrowers to apply for loans immediately by removing geographic barriers. They have straightforward data entry, a personalised user interface, and quick loan application procedures. ·       Less Errors: There are fewer chances of human error when using digital lending because it is easier to get an applicant’s information. Digital scanning of documents can be used to quickly and accurately verify their authenticity. ·       increases effectiveness A digital lending platform can increase effectiveness while cutting costs by half. Digital financing improves the relationship between lenders and borrowers, generates more money and growth, and saves time. ·       improved client experience Digital lending has a quick reaction time and spares borrowers from having to wait a lengthy time for a loan decision. Additionally, as a result of this, banks spend less time and money managing loans. Banks can handle more loans and products and give borrowers a better experience if they have quick loan approval and money.  ·       What concerns exist with regard to online lending?  ·       First, in order to establish their position in a market with many other peers, LSPs usually participate in hazardous lending operations by making loans to borrowers who are unable to pay them back. The risk is decreased by spreading it out across all customers and imposing higher interest rates. ·       It was difficult to assess a participant’s operational legitimacy in the absence of regulatory requirements for disclosure and openness, which brings us to our second point. Between January and February 2021, there were over 1,100 loan apps accessible for Indian Android users, 600 of which were illegal. They were either exempt from RBI regulation or had NBFC partners with assets under INR 1,000 crore. ·       Mis selling, privacy violations, unfair business practises, the imposition of exorbitant interest rates, and unethical recovery techniques are some other problems with digital lending.  ·       What are the new RBI regulations, and how do they address the problems?  ·       The RBI has separated the digital lenders into three categories: (1) those that fall under its regulation and are permitted to conduct lending business; (2) those that fall under other statutory or regulatory provisions but are not subject to the RBI’s regulation; and (3) those that are lending outside the purview of

  . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.       About the Three Capitals in Andhra Pradesh Prelims & Mains 2.       Details of the National Logistics Policy Prelims & Mains 3.       About the Commonwealth Nations Prelims Specific Topic 4.       Details of the INS Vikrant Prelims Specific Topic   1 – About the Three Capitals in Andhra Pradesh:  GS II  Topic à Constitution related issues  ·       Context:  ·       The suggestion by the State administration to have three capitals is unlawful, according to BJP Rajya Sabha member G.V.L. Narasimha Rao, considering that Amaravati has already been selected and recognised as the sole capital of Andhra Pradesh.  ·       About:  ·       On July 31, 2020, the state government announced the AP Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020 and the AP Capital Region Development Authority (Repeal) Act, 2020.  ·       This statute makes it feasible to have three state capitals.  ·       Capital of the legislature: Amaravati. ·       Visakhapatnam is the executive capital. ·       Justice is administered in Kurnool.  ·       Why three capitals are needed:  ·       The administration ignores other areas of the state while claiming to be against the growth of a single, enormous metropolis. The three state capitals ensure that each region will experience equal prosperity. ·       Decentralization has been the overarching theme of every committee formed to provide recommendations regarding the site of the capital of Andhra Pradesh. These include, among others, the Justice B N Srikrishna Committee, the G N Rao Committee, and the K Sivaramakrishnan Committee.  ·       Why will putting this idea into practise be challenging?  ·       Fear of logistics and coordination: Because the legislative and executive branches are located in different places, it will be challenging to cooperate between them. In addition, both officials and common folks are worried since the government has not disclosed any information regarding its logistics strategy. ·       Distance travelled and expenses: Amaravati, which serves as the legislative capital, is located 400 kilometres away from Visakhapatnam, which serves as the executive capital. Amaravati and Kurnool are separated by 370 kilometres. Both the duration and cost of the trip will be considerable.  ·       Which other Indian states have multiple capitals?  ·       Nagpur and Mumbai serve as Maharashtra’s two capital cities (which holds the winter session of the state assembly). ·       The capitals of Himachal Pradesh are Shimla and Dharamshala (winter).  ·       Source à The Hindu   2 – Details of the National Logistics Policy: GS II  Topic à Government Policies and Interventions  ·       Context:  ·       India Inc. has praised the government for announcing the New Logistics Policy, especially the logistics industry (NLP). ·       The long awaited regulatory framework, which answers the demands of all the significant actors in the vast but fragmented national logistics sector, was announced on September 17. The new framework strongly emphasises reducing overall logistical costs and optimising processes for seamless collaboration, as well as promoting job creation and worker skill development.  ·       The National Logistics Policy was also announced in the budget for 2022–2023. ·       India ranked 44th in the 2018 World Bank Logistics Performance Index. ·       Gujarat is ranked first in the Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2021 ranking.  ·       Need:  ·       In comparison to other industrialised nations, India has greater logistical costs (about 13–14% vs. 8%). ·       India’s logistics market is exceedingly fragmented and complicated. ·       This business, which already employs more than 22 million people, is expected to expand at a rate of 10.5% per year during the following five years. ·       Logistics, which are the backbone of India’s international trade, would help diversify not only India’s exports but also those of other items and countries.  ·       Aim:  ·       reducing costs in the logistics sector by 10% over a five-year period. ·       Boost youth skill levels to increase employment opportunities. ·       Encourage the efficient transportation of goods and intensify industrial competition nationwide. ·       Prioritizing should be given to process re-engineering, digitization, and multi-modal transportation.  ·       The following four crucial National Logistics Policy actions:  ·       Digital system integration (IDS) will involve a number of systems from seven different agencies, including the ministries of international commerce, road transportation, railroad, customs, and customs. ·       Improved cargo flow that is faster and more smooth will be the consequence of the Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP). Additionally, it will enable the transmission of private information in real time. ·       Data from the NICDC’s Logistics Data Bank Project was used to construct ULIP (National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation). ·       Ease of Logistics (ELOG): By simplifying the laws, the logistics sector will become more straightforward. ·       System Improvement Group (SIG): tracking and clearing obstacles from all logistics-related tasks on a regular basis.  ·       Other initiatives by the government:  ·       Now, the department of commerce has a logistics division. ·       Program of the Hindustan Gati Shakti (building about 84,000 Km of new highways). ·       Utilizing the nation’s 7,5000 km of coastline and 14,500 km of navigable waterways is the goal of the Sagarmala Project. ·       Routes for transporting cargo on railways. ·       Previously, the National Logistics Efficiency and Advancement Predictability and Safety Act was supposed to replace the Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993 (MMTG) (NLEAPS)  ·       Source à The Hindu   3 – About the Commonwealth Nations:  Prelims Specific Topic  ·       Context:  ·       The passing of Queen Elizabeth II, who ruled the United Kingdom for more than 70 years, marks the end of an era for the British monarchy as well as a turning point for the 14 Commonwealth nations, of which she was the Head of State. Since the Elizabethan era, these countries’ socioeconomic environments have considerably changed, and many have proposed becoming republics and severing their historical ties to the British monarchy. Therefore, it is conceivable that more nations will follow Barbados’ lead and do what Barbados did in 2021, when King Charles III, the present monarch who will succeed the Queen, became the 18th country to do away with the British monarch as head of state in favour of a national government functionary.  ·       History:  ·       The socioeconomic landscape

  . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.       About the Death Penalty Prelims & Mains 2.       Details of the Windfall Tax Prelims & Mains 3.       About the Vande Bharat Train Prelims Specific Topic 4.       Details of the Lashkar – e – Taeba Prelims Specific Topic   1 – About the Death Penalty:  GS II  Topic à Judiciary Related Issues  ·       Context:  ·       Following the discovery of two adolescent Dalit girls’ bodies hanging from a tree beneath the Nighasan police station area on Wednesday, the Lakhimpur Kheri region of Uttar Pradesh is once more making national headlines for the wrong reasons. The man suspected of killing the girls and raping them is being demanded to be put to death by the families of the victims.  ·       Recent rulings by the Supreme Court:  ·       Justice Lalit came to the judgement in March 2022 that in situations where a death sentence was involved, giving the court “full assistance” would necessitate the production of both the case’s evidence and the prisoner’s most recent mental health data. He was motivated to do this by the Bachan Singh ruling.  ·       Supreme Court decision in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, 1980:  ·       When imposing the death penalty, this decision created the “rarest of rare” crime theory and mandated a comparative assessment of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances in reference to the accused. ·       According to the judgement, the court must thoroughly consider both the crime and the perpetrator before determining if the death penalty is the only appropriate punishment in the current situation. ·       The aggravating and mitigating aspects that rely on the specific facts and circumstances of the case should be highlighted.  ·       State of Punjab v. Machi Singh, 1983:         In this ruling, the Supreme Court clarified the “rarest of rare” notion and set certain broad principles for situations deserving the death penalty. ·       The way the crime was committed, the reason it was committed, how terrible it was, and who the victim was all qualified as aggravating factors. ·       The accused’s mental health and upbringing, as well as the possibility of his or her reformation and rehabilitation, were among the mitigating circumstances.  ·       The court considered the application and implementation of the death penalty as follows in its most recent decision:  ·       Simply because the crime was horrible and had a negative effect on society shouldn’t be a reason for trial judges to be under pressure to execute the death sentence. It’s important to take into account the defences for life in prison. ·       The court’s ruling demonstrated how criminological theories have changed through the years. Criminal justice theories have “evolved to balance the other obligations of the society, i.e., of preserving the human life, be it of the accused, unless termination thereof is inevitable and is to serve the other societal causes and collective conscience of society,” even though the death penalty serves as a deterrent and a “response to the society’s call for appropriate punishment in appropriate cases.”  ·       What has the court said about petitions being considered and death sentences being extended?  ·       The Supreme Court declared in 2014 that a convict, a member of their family, or even a concerned citizen might file a writ petition requesting the commuting of the sentence if there was an unreasonable delay in carrying out a death sentence. ·       It was established that delaying the execution of death sentences had a “dehumanising effect” on people who had been found guilty and had to endure the anguish of waiting for years in fear of passing away while their appeals for compassion were being taken into account. Their bodies and brains would suffer agonising effects from a protracted delay. ·       The same year, a Constitution court decided that a three-judge bench would hear a review appeal from a death row inmate in public. Previously, two judges would hear these cases in private in the judges’ chamber.  ·       Future difficulties:  ·       By 2022, trial courts in India had already executed more than 50 persons, frequently in violation of substantive and procedural laws, underscoring the gravity of the work before the Supreme Court. ·         The Supreme Court’s decision to tackle the issue head-on is undoubtedly noteworthy and deserves our respect, even though it will be challenging to strike a balance between fairness and consistency in death penalty sentences throughout all Indian courts.  ·       Source à The Hindu   2 – Details of the Windfall Tax GS III  Topic à Indian Economy  ·       Context:  ·       The oil ministry has asked for a review of the two and a half-month-old windfall profit tax on domestically produced crude oil since it is thought to be in violation of the contract clauses for fiscal stability.  ·       About:  ·       The U.S. Congressional Research Service defines a windfall as a “unearned, unanticipated boost in income with no additional labour or expense” (CRS). ·       As a result of an exceptional or outside incident, or from something with which the corporation actively disagreed, such as the rise in energy prices resulting from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, they are so dubbed. ·       It is often imposed as a one-time extra tax on top of the standard tax rates. ·       Profits for the industry are irregular or fluctuate due to price instability in the oil markets. Therefore, tax is applied to redistribute unanticipated benefits when high prices benefit producers at the expense of consumers. ·       It can be used to fund social welfare programmes as well as provide the government with an extra stream of revenue.  ·       Reasons why a windfall tax is necessary:  ·       to lessen the growing trade deficit of the country brought on by the rise in the cost of oil, gas, and coal. ·       Prices rising as a result of the epidemic recovery, supply issues brought on by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and an increase in energy demand. ·       Large profits for energy firms result from rising energy expenses, which also increase the

  . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.       About the Hate Speech Prelims & Mains 2.       Details of the Leader of Opposition Prelims & Mains 3.       About the Cheetah Reintroduction in India Prelims & Mains 4.       Details of the DGCA Prelims & Mains 1 – About the Hate Speech: GS III Topic à Internal Security of India  ·       Context:  ·       The Indian Election Commission (ECI) has argued before the Supreme Court that it must rely on the Representation of People (RP) Act and the Indian Penal Code (IPC) to ensure that members of political parties do not make statements that could cause conflict among social groups because there is no specific law that forbids hate speech and rumor-mongering during elections.  ·       What Is Hate Speech, Exactly?  ·       Hate speech is when someone incites hatred toward a certain group of people who are marginalised due to their religion, sexual orientation, gender, or other characteristics. ·       The Law Commission’s 267th report on hate speech asserts that such statements have the potential to motivate individuals and entire societies to engage in acts of terrorism, genocide, and ethnic cleansing.  ·       Why is it crucial to put an end to hate speech?  ·       Internal Security: A phoney movie that fanned racial tensions was the catalyst for the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots. ·       causing crazy emotions ·       Lynching deception and fabrications by the Delhi Riots  ·       What Must Be Done:  ·       In order to combat fake news on their platforms in India, the largest social media giants in the world, including Facebook, Google, Twitter, and ByteDance, are considering forming a wide coalition. ·       To pinpoint the origin of this false information, the Indian Election Commission must collaborate with tech firms. ·       Educate potential customers. ·       To enable people to engage at a deeper level, the government should offer a policy framework on the possible harm caused by online messaging services. ·       levying significant penalties, such as those found in Germany, where failure to remove illegal content from platforms can result in fines of up to €50 million.  ·       The opportunity is now for:  ·       Marginalized people are pushed outside of the social, economic, and political sectors of society by the dissemination of hate speech and the encouragement of prejudice. It is often believed to be a precursor to ethnic cleansing at its worst. ·       Public authorities who fail to take action to stop vigilante organisations from sowing discord among communities, inciting hatred against fellow citizens, and enforcing the law without regard to the repercussions must be held accountable for failing in their duty of care and for disobeying this court’s orders.  ·       Laws relating to Hate Speech:  ·       Under Section 153A IPC, both actions that incite hostility between distinct groups based on things like religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc. as well as actions that thwart attempts to uphold harmony are prohibited. ·       Imputations and pronouncements that are harmful to national integration are prohibited by Section 153B of the IPC. ·       “Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to offend religious emotions of any class by insulting its religion or its beliefs” are prohibited, according to Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code. ·       It is forbidden to make “utterances, comments, etc., with deliberate intent to offend the religious sensitivities of any person,” as stated in Section 298 of the IPC. ·       Publishing or disseminating any comment, rumour, or report that promotes animosity or enmity between classes is prohibited by Section 505 of the IPC. ·       Hate speech is divided into two categories by Part VII of the Representation of People Act, 1951: electoral offences and corrupt practises.  ·       Different Committees and Their Opinions:  ·       Mr. T. K. Viswanathan:  ·       It led to a research that suggested stricter laws to forbid online hate speech and the incitement of hatred. ·       It proposed adding Sections 153 C (b) and 505 A to the Indian Penal Code (IPC) that would make it illegal to incite someone to commit a crime based on that person’s race, caste, or community, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, place of birth, place of residence, language, disability, or tribe.  ·       Bezbaruah:  ·       In 2014, the Center established it in response to a wave of racist assaults against inhabitants of the northeast. ·       It has suggested adding two more stringent anti-racial discrimination sections to the IPC.  Source à The Hindu   2 – Details of the Leader of Opposition: GS II  Topic à Indian Parliament  ·       Context:  ·       Senior Congressman Jairam Ramesh said on Sunday that people who want to use the grand old party as the focal point of an opposition front are living in a “fool’s paradise” and that the grand old party cannot fulfil that role.  ·       Where did the term “leader of the opposition” come from?  ·       G V Mavalankar served as the Lok Sabha’s first Speaker. It is now common knowledge that Mavalankar’s rule designates the opposition leader in the chamber. ·       According to Mavalankar’s rules, a party’s leader must hold at least 55 seats, or 10% of the total number of members in the House, in order to be declared as the leader of the opposition. ·       A national political party has just declared that, due to a lack of supporters, it would not contest for the position of Leader of the Opposition in Parliament. ·       The second-largest party in the house has only 52 members, which is three fewer than the necessary number.  ·       What significant responsibilities are the opposition leader responsible for?  ·       The leader of the opposition is responsible for the following:  ·       Choosing opposition members to serve as shadow ministers, serving as the opposition’s main spokesperson, running meetings where the opposition assesses laws and discusses policy options, and organising the opposition during a federal election are all examples of opposition leadership.  ·       What Does It Mean to Be the Parliamentary Opposition Leader?  ·       The opposition leader is often referred to as the “Shadow Prime Minister.” If the government must be disbanded due

  . No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1.      Pradhan Mantri Aawas Yojna Grameen Prelims & Mains 2.      Inflation Prelims & Mains 3.      SCO Prelims & Mains 4.      Eastern Economic Forum Prelims & Mains   1 – Pradhan Mantri Aawas Yojna Grameen:  GS II  Topic  Government Schemes   ·      Context:   ·      The Union Ministry of Rural Development has developed a set of penalties that the State governments will have to pay for any future delays in the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin), the government of Narendra Modi’s main rural household programme. The top four laggard States that are far behind their goals are BJP-ruled Assam, opposition-ruled West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.   ·      Background:   ·      The IAY (Indira Awaas Yojna) rural housing programme experienced design issues, a lack of openness, leaks, favouritism, and corruption at many levels.   ·      With effect from April 1, 2016, IAY has been redesigned as Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G).   ·      Regarding PMAY-G:   ·      It is one of the government of India’s flagship programmes, and it is motivated by the admirable goal of delivering “Housing for All” by the year 2022.   ·      The Ministry of Rural Development launched it.   ·      It is a social welfare programme through which the government gives money to those who are homeless and have been identified using SECC 2011 data in order to help them build a decent dwelling for their own use. ·      In accordance with PMAY, the Central and State Governments have to split the cost of unit support 60:40 for plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and hilly states.   ·      By 2022, 2.95 crore PMAY-G homes with all necessary amenities are expected to be completed.   ·      Other qualities:   ·      After proper verification by the Gram Sabha, beneficiaries are identified in accordance with the housing deprivation metrics and exclusion criteria established under the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011.   ·      Through convergence with other programmes like the Swachh Bharat Mission, the PM Ujjwala Yojana for supplying LPG connections, and the unskilled wage component of 90–95 days under MGNREGA, the programme envisioned offering additional amenities to make it an aspirational house for the recipients.   ·      Assistance for the building of restrooms in the sum of Rs. 12,000 through SBM-G, MGNREGS, or any other specific financial source.   ·      assisting recipients who are prepared to do so in applying for loans from financial institutions for amounts up to Rs 70,000.   ·      Challenges:   ·      The statewide lockdown brought on by the COVID-19 outbreak has slowed the pace of rural house construction under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin.   ·      Delays can also be attributed to beneficiary refusal, migration, beneficiaries’ deaths without legal heirs, and state or UT delays in allocating land to landless beneficiaries.   ·      The lack of construction labour, supplies, and time to inspect the various stages of house construction all had an impact on implementation at the ground level.   ·      Initiatives to guarantee the scheme’s smooth operation:   ·      Source  The Hindu    2 – Inflation:   GS II   Topic  Indian Economy   ·      Context:   ·      The National Statistical Office’s most recent retail inflation numbers serve as a grim reminder that policymakers’ biggest obstacle to steering Asia’s third-largest economy toward a more lasting recovery from the pandemic-induced recession continues to be increasing price increases. The Consumer Food Price Index, which tracks increases in food prices, increased at a significant 93 basis points faster rate in August than it did in July, moving from 6.69 percent to a provisional 7% annual rate of inflation. In contrast to the 0.50% and 0.46% rates of urban inflation, month-to-month fluctuations in food costs and overall inflation were noticeably higher for rural consumers, at 0.88% and 0.57% respectively. The fact that cereal costs, which are fundamental foods in every household, increased from the previous month’s 6.9% rate to 9.57% is especially concerning. The pace was a concerning 2.4% month over month. Despite the recent imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the export of non-Basmati rice by the Centre, the outlook for inflation in this category of “heavyweight” foods remains far from encouraging. The kharif sowing of rice this year undershot last year’s acreage, and uneven rainfall distribution further complicated the crop’s production picture. In fact, the prices of eight out of the 12 food items that make up the CPI’s food and beverage category increased sequentially, with vegetables (up 13.2% annually and 2.5% monthly) and dairy (up 6.39 and 0.9% respectively) being two additional important foods that accelerated inflation. ·      The increase in costs of the majority of daily or commonly used products and services, such as food, clothing, housing, leisure, transportation, consumer staples, etc., is referred to as inflation. A basket of goods and services is used to calculate inflation by tracking the average price change over time. Deflation is the opposite and uncommon decline in this basket’s price index. The loss of the purchasing power of a unit of a nation’s currency is referred to as inflation. Percentage is used to express this.   ·      Inflationary factors include:   ·      High demand and low production or supply of certain goods creates a demand-supply imbalance, which raises prices as a result of increased consumption. Additionally, increased exports devalue the rupee. Additionally, inflation results from the overuse of money since it loses its purchasing value. People tend to spend more when they have more money, which increases demand. ·      Cost Pull inflation is brought on by a lack of production-related inputs, such as labour, land, and capital, as well as by hoarding-induced artificial scarcity. For instance, in May 2021, the price of Brent crude exceeded the $65 per barrel mark, more than doubling from the previous month. Vegetable oils are a significant import, and their price rose by 57% to a decade-high in April 2021. The cost of international freight is rising, and metal prices are close to their highest levels in ten years.   ·      Source  The Hindu    3 – SCO:   GS II   International Organizations   ·      Context:   ·      Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, for the first Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) meeting to