◇ It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to himsome of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India. ◇ It provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a CentralPublic Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants. ◇ It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget andauthorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets. ◇ It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its workingafter ten years of its coming into force
SIMON COMMISSION
◇ In November 1927 the British Government announced the appointment a seven-member statutory commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to report on the condition of India under its new Constitution. ◇ All members of the commission were British and hence, all parties boycotted commission. ◇ The commission submitted its report in 1930 and recommended the abolition of dyarchy, extension of responsible Government in the provinces, establishment of a federation of British India and princely states, continuation of communal electorate and so on. ◇ To consider the proposals of the commission, the British Government convened three round table conferences of the representatives of the British Government, British India and Indian princely states. ◇ On the basis of these discussions, a ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms was prepared and submitted.
COMMUNAL AWARD
◇ In August 1932, Ramsay MacDonald, the British Prime Minister,announced a scheme of representation of the minorities, which came to be known as theCommunal Award. ◇ The award not only continued separate electorates for the Muslims, Sikhs,Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans but also extended it to the depressed classes(Scheduled Castes). ◇ Gandhiji was distressed over this extension of the principle of communalrepresentation to the depressed classes and undertook fast unto death in Yerwada jail (Poona) toget the award modified. At last, there was an agreement between the leaders of the Congress andthe depressed classes. ◇ The agreement, known as Poona Pact, retained the Hindu joint electorate and gave reserved seats to the depressed classes.
MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE:
What precisely is MSP? The minimum support price is the price the government pays farmers for their wheat (MSP). MSPs have been created for 23 crops farmed in both the Kharif and Rabi seasons. What methodology was used in its calculation: The rate at which the government purchases crops from farmers is known as the MSP, which is calculated at least one and a half times the producers’ cost of production. According to the Union Budget for 2018–19, MSP would be kept at 1.5 times the cost of production. Two times a year, the MSP is determined using recommendations made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), a statutory organisation that submits separate reports for the kharif and rabi seasons. Which production costs are included while determining MSPs: When recommending MSP, the CACP considers both “A2+FL” and “C2” expenditures. All of the money farmers spend on things like seeds, pesticides, fertilisers, hired labour, gasoline, and irrigation is included in category A2 expenditures. A2+FL considers actual out-of-pocket expenses as well as the worth of unpaid family labour. In addition to A2+FL, the C2 expenses also comprise the rent and interest forfeited on owned land and fixed capital assets. MSP’s drawbacks include: The main issue with the MSP is a lack of government procurement equipment for all crops, with the exception of wheat and rice, which the Food Corporation of India actively purchases under the PDS. Farmers who live in places where the government buys all of their grain profit the most, while those who live in areas where government grain purchases are less common are frequently impacted. Additionally, the MSP-based procurement system relies on commission agents, intermediaries, and APMC representatives, all of whom are difficult for smaller farmers to get a hold of.
INDIA VIETNAM RELATIONS:
Historical connections between India and Vietnam: Since the founding fathers of the two nations, Presidents Ho Chi Minh, Rajendra Prasad, and Prime Minister Nehru, the relationship between India and Vietnam has been particularly cordial and close. Historical battles for independence from foreign hegemony are the main drivers of today’s traditionally amicable and friendly ties. Following Vietnam’s 1954 victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the first Westerners to travel there. President Rajendra Prasad visited Vietnam in 1959, and President Ho Chi Minh visited India in February 1958. The International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC), which was created to carry out the 1954 Geneva Accords and progress the peace process in Vietnam, was presided over by India. India supported Vietnam’s fight for independence from France because it linked that country’s fight against British domination to Vietnam’s. Since 1955, when Prime Minister Nehru emphasised that US involvement in Vietnam would be a mistake, India has been against US involvement. On January 7, 1972, India formally established diplomatic ties with North Vietnam, three years before Saigon fell in 1975 and one year before the US departed from Vietnam. Vietnam was unified with India’s help, and the two nations are friendly. In South East Asia, Vietnam is a crucial ally. Along with the UN and WTO, India and Vietnam work closely together in a number of regional fora, such as ASEAN, the East Asia Summit, the Mekong Ganga Cooperation, and the Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM). Connections between Vietnam and India in terms of trade and commerce: Vietnam was designated as India’s “Most Favored Nation” in 1977. After the two countries’ bilateral trade agreement was formed in 1978, the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) was signed on March 8, 1997. The ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement, which was concluded in 2003, became effective in 2010. Vietnam is India’s fifteenth-largest trading partner and comes in fourth in the ASEAN behind Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Vietnam is India’s tenth-largest trading partner. Since the economies of Vietnam and India were both liberalised, there has been a major increase in bilateral commerce. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, trade between India and Vietnam has decreased by 22.47 percent over the preceding fiscal years. Machinery and equipment rank among India’s major exports, which also include seafood, medicines, cotton of all varieties, textiles, and leather accessories. Chemicals, plastic resins, chemical goods, fibres of all types, steel of all sorts, fabrics of all kinds, common metals, jewellery, and precious stones are some of the other top exports. Mobile phones and their accessories, computers and electronic devices, machinery and equipment, chemicals, rubber, common metals, wood and wooden products, fibres of all kinds, pepper, automobiles, steel products, coffee, footwear, chemical goods, and polymers and resins are the main imports from Vietnam. The two nations’ bilateral foreign investments have increased as well. Energy, mineral exploration, agroprocessing, sugar, tea, coffee production, agrochemicals, information technology, and auto components are the primary industries in which India has interests. As of 2020, Vietnam had 6 active projects with an estimated total investment of $28.55 million in India. Chemicals, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and building materials make up the majority of Vietnam’s investments in India. Exploration of oil: In 1988, the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), which is under the supervision of the Indian government, started doing business in Vietnam. Block 6.1 exploration rights were granted to it. The producing fields Lan Tay and Lan Rosneft are located in Block 6.1, a 955 km2 area in the South China Sea’s Nam Con Son Basin. 1.33 million tonnes of condensate and gas with an oil equivalent were produced in Block 6.1 by ONGC Videsh, which held a 45 percent stake in the block. Vietnamese and Indian Strategic Partnership: In order to promote shared security, prosperity, and growth for everyone in the area, India and Vietnam have resolved to step up their strategic partnership in accordance with India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. The Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, which aims to promote and enhance close ties between India and Southeast Asian countries, includes Vietnam and India as participants. Vietnam has endorsed India’s proposal to join the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and become a permanent member of the UN Security Council (APEC). India and Vietnam have also joined together in strategic partnerships to create nuclear energy, improve regional security, and combat terrorism, global crime, and drug trafficking. Military collaboration Defense cooperation has grown to be a pillar of our strategic alliance with Vietnam. Vietnam is interested in India’s Brahmos missiles, Dhruv advanced light helicopters, and Akash surface-to-air systems. Along with this, additional elements of defence relations include collaboration on defence R&D, capacity building, resolving common security issues, and personnel training. In 2020, the Indian Navy’s INS Kiltan made a stop in Ho Chi Minh City to deliver flood relief supplies to the citizens of Central Vietnam (Mission Sagar III). In addition to the Vietnamese People’s Navy, it took part in the PASSEX exercise. The relationship between India and Vietnam has: In order to advance bilateral defence cooperation, the defence ministers signed the “Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam Defense Partnership towards 2030.” With the completion of the projects covered by a USD 500 million Defense Line of Credit, Vietnam’s defence capabilities will significantly increase, advancing the government’s objective to “Make in India, Make for the World.” There has been the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Mutual Logistics Support. Moving forward: In India’s Act East strategy, which strives to fortify mutually beneficial ties and guarantee equitable prosperity for everyone in the region, Vietnam has a vital role to play. Vietnam will eventually become more integrated into the SAGAR (Security and Growth All in the Region) plan as it moves closer to realisation. The Indo-Pacific region benefits from the relationship between India and Vietnam in terms of security and the blue economy.
INDIA AND JAPAN:
Introduction: Former Japanese PM Shinzo Abe has been assassinated yesterday during a political rally in Japan. Additionally, in 2022, Japan and India will celebrate the 70th anniversary of their diplomatic relations. On April 28, 1952, India and Japan established diplomatic ties. Japan-India Relations: Historical: Beginning with the visit of the Indian monk Bodhisena in 752 AD, the relationship between India and Japan has a lengthy history founded in spiritual affinities as well as strong cultural and civilizational linkages. Swami Vivekananda, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, JRD Tata, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Judge Radha Binod Pal are notable Indians who have ties to Japan in modern times. Diplomatic: In 1952, India and Japan established diplomatic ties. There were a number of high-level exchanges in the first ten years after diplomatic relations were established, including the visit to India in 1957 by the Japanese Prime Minister. Japan was one of the few nations to help India with its balance of payments problem in 1991. The 2017-founded Act East Forum will act as a platform for India-Japan cooperation under the auspices of Japan’s “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision” and India’s “Act East Policy.” Investments and projects: Four agreements between India and Japan demand Tokyo’s support for health care initiatives in India that are sponsored through the Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects (GGP) programme. The “Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects (GGP)” programme provides funding for development projects created to satisfy the various essential requirements of people residing in developing nations. In addition to actively collaborating with India on infrastructure projects in third countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Japan has invested 1,600 crores in development projects in the northeastern states of India. The Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA), which enables India and Japan to exchange goods and services for their respective armed forces, was also inked in September. Both countries have outlined a plan for growing their Special Strategic and Global Partnership in the post-COVID era. The Japanese prime minister recently visited India and pledged to invest $42 billion (about Rs 3,20,000 crore) there over the next five years as the two countries finalised a number of collaborations and agreements to strengthen their ties. Relationships in the economy and in business: Given the complimentary structure of the two Asian economies, there is a tonne of room for expansion in the economic ties between Japan and India. India’s large and expanding market, as well as its resources, particularly its human resources, have increased Japan’s interest in the nation. In August 2011, India and Japan’s Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) went into effect. The agreement, which covers not just trade in products but also services, the movement of people, investments, intellectual property rights, customs procedures, and other trade-related problems, is the most comprehensive of its kind that India has ever signed. Since 1958, Japan has been the main source of bilateral loans and aid for India, making it the latter country. For the fiscal year 2019–20, bilateral trade between the two countries reached a total of $11.87 billion (April–December). Japan imported goods at US$ 7.93 billion while exporting goods to India worth US$ 3.94 billion. Petroleum products, chemicals, elements, compounds, non-metallic mineral ware, fish and fish preparations, metalliferous ores and scrap, clothes and accessories, iron and steel products, textile yarn, fabrics, and machinery are a few of India’s most important exports to Japan. Machines, electrical machinery, iron and steel products, plastics, non-ferrous metals, auto components, organic chemicals, metal producers, etc. are among the major Japanese imports into India. Defence: Over time, the India-Japan Defense and Security Partnership has developed into a crucial tenet of the two countries’ relations. Growing strategic convergence has increased the effectiveness of our engagements, and our shared beliefs on issues affecting the Indo-Pacific region’s peace, security, and stability have increased the importance of those engagements. The “Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India” was released by the two leaders in October 2008, during Prime Minister Singh’s visit to Japan. The “2+2” summit, the annual Defense Ministerial Interaction, and the Coast Guard-to-Coast Guard communication are a few of the forums for security and defence discussions between Japan and India. The Japanese and Indian armed services collaborate to organise the bilateral exercises JIMEX, SHINYUU Maitri, and Dharma Guardian. Additionally, both nations take part in the Malabar exercise with the USA. Technology & Science: The two nations’ S&T collaboration was formalised by the 1985 Inter-Governmental Agreement. The India-Japan Digital Partnership (IJDP) was established during PM Modi’s visit to Japan in October 2018 in order to broaden both current areas of cooperation and new initiatives within the context of cooperation in S&T/ICT, with a stronger emphasis on “Digital ICT Technologies.” Three joint laboratories between Japan and India in the fields of ICT (AI, IoT, and Big Data) as well as the launch of the DST-JSPS Fellowship Program for young academics are recent projects. Healthcare: In order to adapt AHWIN’s story for AYUSHMAN Bharat, the Japanese organisation ASHWIN and the Indian AYUSHMAN Bharat Program collaborated. Japanese-Asian Community: The composition of the Indian community has changed as a result of the recent influx of numerous professionals, including IT specialists, engineers working for Indian and Japanese firms, as well as authority in management, finance, education, and S&T research. QUAD Grouping: India and Japan’s bilateral collaboration has grown in the Indo-Pacific area, both directly and through the Quad grouping. A “free, open, and prosperous” Indo-Pacific area is the shared goal of India, the US, Japan, and Australia in their informal Quad strategic conversation.
INDO PACIFIC REGION:
The idea of the Indo-Pacific: It is a relatively new idea. The Indo-Pacific region only started to gain widespread attention about ten years ago, but since then, it has grown significantly. The realisation that the Indian Ocean and the Pacific are connected strategic theatres is one of the elements that influences the use of the phrase. Asia is also currently the zone of gravity. Because the Pacific and Indian oceans offer the sea lanes, there exist maritime routes. The great majority of global trade passes via these waters. Trade literally travelled across the Atlantic before the Cold War because that was where the universe’s centre of gravity was located. Instead of India, the earlier phrase Asia-Pacific was used. During the Cold War, many people utilised this catchphrase. The “Indo-Pacific” moniker highlights how important India is to the new system. The Indo-Pacific area faces significant risks from terrorism and the worry that one particular country in the region would start to assert itself. The United States, China, Japan, and India have the four largest economies in the Indo-Pacific region. Different parties have different ideas about what is meant by the term “Indo-Pacific.” India views the area as being open, balanced, inclusive, and integrated. India frequently emphasises the strategic connections, shared difficulties, and opportunities between the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Since the United States views the Indo-Pacific as being free and open, it emphasises the importance of regional standards or norms of behaviour and strives to lessen China’s influence there. The ASEAN nations have included China in order to give it some stakeholdership and to look at potential areas of cooperation because they regard the Indo-Pacific region as a consociational model. India’s perspective on the Indo-Pacific region: Close allies of India include the US, Australia, Japan, and Indonesia, who define the Indo-Pacific as the Asia-Pacific plus India. India is now part of the Asia-Pacific strategic architecture. They essentially want India to be present in the South and East China Seas to compete with China. India, however, wants to work together to create a structure that will bring about peace and stability in the region. The states need to work together to establish a common rules-based structure for the area so that everyone can live in prosperity and security. The Indo-Pacific area is viewed as emancipated and welcoming by India. Everyone with an interest in the region is included, including every country in the area. The territory between the coasts of Africa and America is taken into account when calculating India’s geographic size. India is in favour of an Indo-Pacific trading environment that is governed by rules and is open, balanced, and stable so that all countries can profit from trade and investment. The nation anticipates the same thing from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). India, not China, prefers an ASEAN that is cohesive rather than fragmented. China attempts to implement the “divide and rule” conquest tactic by pitting some ASEAN members against one another. India does not share the American view of the Indo-Pacific, which aims to restrain Chinese dominance. India is more interested in finding methods to cooperate with China. India supports the democratisation of the area. The place used to look almost exactly like a lake in America. However, there are concerns that the region may now become predominately Chinese. In this context, the Scarborough Shoal issue is used as an illustration. India opposes any member of the region achieving hegemonic supremacy. To prevent China from taking over the region, India takes part in trilaterals like India-Australia-France and India-Australia-Indonesia. China: A Challenge or a Threat? China has traditionally been a threat to the nations in the Asia-Pacific in addition to currently being a threat to Indian interests in the Indian Ocean. The distance between the Indian coast and the Chinese-controlled port of Hambantota in Sri Lanka is only a few hundred kilometres. China is, in a way, colonising the region by providing military hardware to India’s neighbours, such as submarines to Myanmar, frigates to Sri Lanka, equipment to Bangladesh, and weapons to Thailand. ASEAN: Because some of its members have been influenced by China, there is a danger that ASEAN’s unity in support of the Indo-Pacific idea could be compromised. India’s relations with ASEAN are further jeopardised by the fact that China is the largest trading partner in the area and can hardly be ignored by the entire association. The centre of the Indo-Pacific is Southeast Asia, and ASEAN is significant to India, particularly in light of its Act East Policy. The ASEAN nations understand how crucial India’s presence in the region is as a counterbalance to China. India and China share similar objectives in a variety of areas, such as globalisation, climate change, etc., despite their major disparities. China and India are members of the BRICS, the SCO, as well as other international organisations. Given China’s significance in the Indo-Pacific, it is believed that China poses more of a threat to India than a threat to its position. How to Move Forward: In line with international law, all countries in the area should be given the same rights to use the common sea and airspace, which calls for unimpeded commerce, freedom of navigation, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. Connectivity must be built up throughout the region based on the principles of preserving territorial integrity and sovereignty, consultation, good governance, openness, viability, and sustainability. Security in the Indo-Pacific region depends on marine domain awareness (MDA). MDA implies thorough awareness of any maritime operation that may have an impact on the environment, economy, or security. Multipolarity: It is essential that the nations in the region uphold security and enjoy law and order. Additionally, this will enable multipolarity in the area. India is expected to step up and provide the weaker nations in the region more options, both militarily and economically. India should try to accommodate their requirements. India needs a potent navy, international diplomacy, and commercial relations with other countries to handle the issues in the Indo-Pacific
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:
About: “Corporate social responsibility” (CSR) refers to a business endeavour to evaluate, assume responsibility for, and support positive social and environmental change with regard to the company’s effects on the environment and social welfare. It goes above and beyond what the law might require. The money should be returned because it is entirely community-sourced. What is mandated by the law? To be in compliance with the Companies Act of 2013, a business must have a net value of at least Rs 500 crore, annual sales of at least Rs 1000 crore, and a net profit of at least Rs 5 crore. Companies must allocate at least 2% of its three-year average net profit to CSR initiatives that meet the requirements of Schedule VII, as from time to time updated. The regulations become operative on April 1, 2014. Additionally, in compliance with the CSR Rules, a foreign company’s branch and project offices in India are liable to the CSR requirements. The qualified business must also establish a CSR Committee with three or more directors. The CSR Committee shall establish and submit to the Board a policy setting forth the responsibilities to be performed, resource allocations, and company-wide CSR policy monitoring. If no decisions were made on CSR spending, the company must explain why. A punishment of up to 25 lakh rupees or up to three years in prison are possible for failing to disclose or omitting information. The first nation to explicitly require corporate contributions is India. What types of activities are permitted? CSR is a commitment to funding programmes that significantly raise the standard of living for the poor through one or more of the priority areas listed below. Getting rid of poverty, malnutrition, and hunger Advancing education, safeguarding the environment, and enhancing mother-child health Preserving the culture of the country Supporting the armed forces Promoting sports and financially aiding the Prime Minister’s National Relief Construction projects in slums, etc. How does it help businesses? Customers actively look for businesses that support charitable causes. Customers are conscious of societal problems. CSR therefore draws in clients. Advantage over competitors – Companies that can set themselves out from the pack by demonstrating that they are more socially conscious than their rivals frequently thrive. CSR efforts boost employee morale because they increase employees’ faith in the company’s compassion. How does legislation affect people? The commercial sector has donated more than 250 billion rupees to charity since the law’s adoption, up from 33.67 billion in 2013. How mainstreaming charity can take CSR from the periphery to the boardroom. Now, businesses must carefully consider the tools, schedules, and tactics required to meet their legal commitments. There are drawbacks, though. Non-compliance: 52 of the top 100 American businesses, according to a report, did not spend the requisite 2% of their yearly earnings last year. According to reports, fewer people have given larger sums of money to charitable organisations that later return donors’ contributions minus a commission. Back then, charity giving served as a critical reputation-builder for philanthropic family-run corporations. Now, all that is required is to abide by the law. Many businesses that were contributing more than 2% have cut back. Finding reputable organisations to collaborate with is one of the issues the corporate sector faces as a result of inequality. As a result, bigger, more well-known organisations get a lot of funding at the expense of smaller ones. The issue is exacerbated by the fact that smaller charities frequently lack the money necessary to meet the administrative and operational needs of businesses. Geographic bias results from the 2% law, with companies favouring projects that are close to where they are located. States with higher levels of industrialization are thus gaining authority over remote, less developed areas that urgently require development assistance. Politics: In an effort to build goodwill, some businesses choose supporting government-led programmes over those that are started independently. What further has to be done? Spending that is necessary moves India a little bit closer to its goals of widespread institutional change and social innovation. Additionally, it inhibits suggestions that businesses alter their operational procedures. A company should think about and nurture its relationships with stakeholders as part of CSR, and it should show this commitment by implementing the appropriate business practises and activities. To define responsible company conduct and demonstrate that CSR extends beyond charitable giving, a formalised set of voluntary national standards is necessary.
PM SHRI SCHEME:
What does PM SHRI mean exactly? As part of the centrally funded PM SHRI Schools initiative, 14,500 schools will be renovated in states and union territories to reflect the key components of the NEP, 2020. The PM Schools for Rising India. At a conference the Ministry of Education held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, in June, the proposal was first discussed with the education ministers of the states and UTs. The PM SHRI will serve as “NEP labs,” even if there are excellent schools like Navodaya Vidyalayas and Kendriya Vidyalayas. NEP characteristics: The National Education Plan envisions a curriculum structure and teaching approach organised into basic, preparatory, intermediate, and secondary levels (NEP). Play-based learning will be used in the early years (preschool and grades I and II). Brief reading material and structured classroom teaching will be provided throughout the preparation stage (III–V). Middle school students will be introduced to subject teachers (VI-VIII). There won’t be a clear distinction between the arts, sciences, or other fields at the secondary level (IX–XII). What distinguishes PM SHRI schools from Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas or Kendriya Vidyalayas? Both Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas are wholly supported by the Union government through Central Sector Schemes, and both are overseen by the Ministry of Education of the Center. Unlike JNVs, which were created to support gifted students in rural portions of the nation, KVs mostly serve children of Union government personnel stationed in states and UTs. In contrast, compared to current institutions supported by the Center, governments, UTs, and neighbourhood organisations, PM SHRI schools will be an upgrade. Therefore, KVs, JNVs, state governments, or even municipal corporations could manage PM SHRI schools. Where will the schools that PM SHRI will operate be situated? Despite claims that the PM SHRI schools will also “provide mentorship” to other schools nearby, the Center has not yet made the list of the schools that have been selected for this reason public. These institutions will have access to contemporary resources like labs, smart classrooms, libraries, sporting equipment, art studios, etc. Additionally, it will be built using energy-efficient materials, recycle garbage, conserve water, and integrate curricula for an organic way of life. What is a centrally sponsored scheme? A programme that is centrally funded is one in which the federal government and the states/union territories normally split the costs of implementation 60:40. The noon meal programme and PM Awas Yojana are two instances of centrally backed programmes (PM Poshan). The Center’s contribution may be close to 90% for the Northeastern states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and UTs without legislatures.
Nagar Van Yojana
The Pilot Scheme of Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) envisages developing 400 Nagar Vans and 200 Nagar Vatikas in the country during the period of 2020-21 to 2024-25. Objective : To significantly enhance the tree outside forests and green cover, enhancement of biodiversity and ecological benefits to the urban and peri-urban areas apart from improving quality of life of city dwellers. The total estimated cost of Nagar Van Yojana is Rs.895 crore for the period of 2020-21 to 2024-25 for implementation from the National Funds under Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA).