◇ It recommends guidelines for the minimum standards of relief to be provided to persons affected by disaster. ◇ It recommends, in cases of disasters of severe magnitude, relief in repayment of loans or grant of fresh loans on concessional terms to the persons affected by such disasters. ◇ It exercises the general superintendence, direction and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). This force has been constituted for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster. ◇ It authorises the concerned department or authority to make the emergency procurement of provisions or materials for rescue or relief in any threatening disaster situation or disaster. In such case, the standard procedure requiring inviting of tenders is deemed to be waived. 5.3K09:59 PM◇ It prepares an annual report on its activities and submits it to the central government. The centralgovernment causes it to be laid before both Houses of Parliament
STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
◇ To lay down the state disaster management policy. ◇ To approve the State Plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the NDMA. ◇ To approve the disaster management plans prepared by the departments of the government of the state.◇ To lay down guidelines to be followed by the departments of the government of the state for thepurposes of integration of measures for prevention of disasters and mitigation in their developmentplans and projects and provide necessary technical assistance thereof. ◇ To coordinate the implementation of the State Plan. ◇ To recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures. ◇ To review the development plans of the different departments of the state and ensure thatprevention and mitigation measures are integrated therein. 5.2K07:19 PM◇ To review the measures being taken for mitigation, capacity building and preparedness by thedepartments of the government of the state and issue such guidelines as may be necessary.
19 Sept 2022 – Daily Answer Writing
19 SEPTEMBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONS – MAINS QUESTIONS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Write a short note on tribal movements in India during British Period. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS I à Modern Indian History Model Answer: Introduction: Mizos (1810), Kols (1795 and 1831), Mundas (1889), Daflas (1875), Khasi and Garo (1829), Kacharis (1839), Santhals (1853), Muria Gonds (1886), Nagas (1844 and 1879), Bhuiyas (1868), and Kondhas (1817) were among the prominent tribes involved in insurrection during the colonial period. Body: Tribal groups played a vital and integral role in Indian culture. They had their own social and economic systems before to conquest and subsequent assimilation into British possessions. The tribals’ requirements were met by these systems, which were traditional in character. The tribal society suffered as a result of British policy. This obliterated their economy and communities, which had previously been largely self-sufficient. Tribal groups from several places rose up against the British. Because they were geared against the colonial administration, their movements were anti-colonial. The following points might help you understand the features of tribal movements in India during British rule: There were two sorts of tribal anti-colonial movements: 1. movements against oppressors such as landlords, moneylenders, traders, thekedars (contractors), government officials, and Christian missionaries, and 2. movements affiliated to and integrated with the Indian National movement. The first set of movements can be classified as anti-colonial because they were directed at the classes that were created as a result of British colonialism and who aided the tribals. The tribals regarded these classes as foreigners. Moneylenders and landlords took tribal lands when tribals were unable to repay their loans or the interest on them. As a result, the tribals became tenants on their own land, and in certain cases, bound labourers. They were never helped by the police or revenue officers. Not only were the judges oblivious of the tribal agrarian system and customs, but they were also unaware of the tribals’ misery. Many tribes such as the Munda, Santhals, Kol, Bhils, Warli, and others in Assam, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra revolted as a result of land alienation, usurpation, forced labour, minimum pay, and land grabbing. In their respective regions, they began movements against their oppressors. Their anti-colonial protests could be classified as anti-colonial. Outsiders (dikus) — landlords, moneylenders, thekedars and missionaries, as well as European government officials – were designated as their foes by Birsa Munda, who promised his people a golden period after removing the outsiders from their country. Overall, these movements had social and religious overtones, but they were motivated by difficulties around their own existence. For example, Jatra Bhagat founded the Jatra Bhagat and Tana Bhagat Movement in 1914. It was a movement promoting monotheism, vegetarianism, abstinence from meat and alcohol, and tribal dance. Anti-colonialism and domestic reforms were emphasised by the Jatra Bhagat and Tana Bhagat movements. Forest management has also sparked rebellion among some tribes, as forests are the primary source of income in some areas. The laws not only denied tribals access to a variety of forest resources, but they also subjected them to persecution by forest officials. This prompted tribes in Andhra Pradesh and other states to organise. For instance, the Rampa revolt led by Alluri Sitaramaraju. These ‘movements’ began under the direction of their respective leaders. Although the movements originated on social and religious problems, as well as against outsider oppression, they eventually amalgamated with the National movement and the anti-tax campaign. The tribals used traditional weaponry such as bows, arrows, lathis, and axes to fight their opponents. Their campaign frequently devolved into violence, leading in the assassination of oppressors and the torching of their homes. For instance, consider the Ramoshi insurrection in the Bombay suburbs. The government brutally suppressed the majority of the movements. The tribals were forced to follow British policies that were harmful to their interests. However, in response to these setbacks, the government implemented protective administration in tribal areas. The government passed the I Scheduled District Act (1874) and the Govt. of India Act of 1935, which classified tribal territories as excluded areas. Conclusion: During the colonial period, tribals were among the exploited social groups. Tribal movements in India were confined to a few places as a result of the conquest and later assimilation of tribal areas into British territories, but they were still part of the greater national struggle against colonial powers. Q2. Write a short note on the influence of Bengal region on the India’s independence struggle. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS I à Modern Indian History Model Answer: Introduction: Bengal, or West Bengal, is well-known for its significant contribution to the Indian Independence Movement. Bengal became a hotbed of the Indian independence movement and the epicentre of the Bengali Renaissance in the early twentieth century. Following the Swadeshi Movement in the first decade of the twentieth century, revolutionary nationalism developed as a powerful political movement in Bengal. The Swadeshi Movement was born out of Bengal’s fury over the division of the province of Bengal in 1905. Body: Bengal’s contributions to India’s freedom struggle: The Sanyasi revolt in Bengal lasted from 1763 to 1800. It was essentially a peasant insurrection that began in Dhaka (now Bangladesh’s capital) and stretched all the way to Bihar, with up to 50,000 rebels. The Indigo uprising was mostly nonviolent, and it served as a forerunner to Gandhiji’s later nonviolent satyagraha. The dramatisation of the revolution in the play Nil Darpan, as well as numerous other works of prose and poetry, made the revolt extremely popular. As a result, the revolt became a focal point in Bengal’s political consciousness, influencing many subsequent movements in the Indian liberation struggle. By equating the Motherland with the Mother-Goddess, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee elevated nationalism to the level of religion. He authored the poem ‘Vande Mataram’ in Anandamath. To introduce social and educational reforms to women, the Bengal Renaissance established many journal houses and collaborated with various newspapers and journalistic publications such as
15 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. BRICS Prelims & Mains 2. Emergency Provisions Prelims & Mains 3. Self Sufficiency in Urea Sector Prelims & Mains 4. Reforms needed in UNSC Prelims & Mains 1 – BRICS: GS II International Organizations · About: · The abbreviation BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies. · Every year, the BRICS Leaders’ Summit is held. · Structure: · BRICS is not a formal organisation; rather, it is an annual summit between the leaders of five countries. · According to the formula B-R-I-C-S, the chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members. · Over the last decade, BRICS cooperation has grown to include an annual programme of over 100 sectoral meetings. · Important Characteristics · BRICS accounts for over 40% of the world’s population and 30% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), making it an important economic engine. · It’s a global power bloc and a burgeoning investment market. · The name “BRICS” was coined in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill in a report on the growth prospects for the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, which combined accounted for a major portion of global production and population. · The four countries began an annual informal diplomatic cooperation in 2006, with Foreign Ministers meeting on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly’s General Debate (UNGA). · Following this positive encounter, it was decided that the debate would take place at the level of Heads of State and Government at yearly Summits. · Timeline: · In 2009, the Russian Federation hosted the first BRIC Summit, which focused on themes such as global financial architecture reform. · In December 2010, South Africa was asked to join BRIC, and the group’s acronym was changed to BRICS. In March 2011, South Africa attended the Third BRICS Summit in Sanya, China. · Objectives: · For more sustainable, equitable, and mutually beneficial development, the BRICS aspire to deepen, broaden, and accelerate collaboration within the grouping and among individual nations. · To guarantee that interactions are established on the respective country’s economic strengths and to prevent competition whenever possible, BRICS takes into account each member’s growth, development, and poverty objectives. · BRICS is establishing itself as a new and promising political-diplomatic body with a wide range of goals that extend far beyond the basic goal of overhauling global financial institutions. · Cooperation Domains: · Cooperation in the Economic Sector: · Trade and investment flows between BRICS countries are quickly increasing, as are economic cooperation efforts in a variety of industries. · Economic and trade cooperation, innovation cooperation, customs cooperation, strategic cooperation between the BRICS Business Council, contingent reserve agreement, and the New Development Bank all have agreements in place. · These agreements help to achieve the common goals of strengthening economic cooperation and promoting integrated trade and investment markets. · Interaction between people: · The need to strengthen People-to-People interactions and create closer collaboration in the areas of culture, sport, education, cinema, and youth has been recognised by BRICS members. · In the spirit of openness, inclusiveness, variety, and mutual learning, people-to-people interactions aim to establish new connections, develop relations, and mutual understanding between BRICS peoples. · The Young Diplomats Forum, Parliamentarian Forum, Trade Union Forum, Civil BRICS, and Media Forum are examples of people-to-people encounters. · Cooperation in the Political and Security Spheres: · The goal of BRICS member countries’ political and security cooperation is to achieve peace, security, development, and cooperation in order to make the world a more equitable and fair place. · BRICS offers chances for policy advice and best practise exchanges on domestic and regional issues, as well as pushing the restructuring of the global political architecture to make it more balanced, based on the pillar of multilateralism. · South Africa’s foreign policy initiatives, such as the promotion of the African Agenda and South-South Cooperation, are driven by BRICS. · Mechanism of Cooperation: · The following methods are used to achieve member cooperation: · Track I: Official diplomatic relations between national governments. · Track II: Government-affiliated organisations, such as state-owned businesses and business councils, are used to engage people. · Civil society and People-to-People involvement is the third track. · The BRICS Group’s Impact on Global Institutional Reforms · The financial crisis of 2008 were the catalyst for the BRIC nations to begin cooperating. The crises cast doubt on the dollar-dominated monetary system’s long-term viability. · “Multilateral institutions must be reform[ed] to reflect structural changes in the international economy and the increasingly central role that emerging markets currently play,” the BRICs said. · The BRICs were successful in pushing for institutional reform, which resulted in quota reform at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2010. As a result of the financial crises, western legitimacy was temporarily eroded, allowing the BRIC countries to become “agenda setters” in multilateral institutions. · A new development bank has been established: · Shanghai is the headquarters of NDB. · The prospect of establishing a new Development Bank was discussed at the Fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012) to mobilise resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing nations. · The presidents signed the Agreement establishing the New Development Bank during the Sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2014. (NDB). · The NDB will boost BRICS cooperation and augment the efforts of international and regional financial institutions for global development, according to the Fortaleza Declaration, contributing to sustainable and balanced growth. · Clean energy, transportation infrastructure, irrigation, sustainable urban development, and economic cooperation among member nations are among the NDB’s primary areas of work. · The NDB is based on a consultation framework among the BRICS countries, with equal rights for all members. · Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a type of contingency reserve · In 2014, the BRICS states signed the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) as part of the Fortaleza Declaration at the Sixth BRICS Summit, in response to the increasing frequency of global financial crises. · The BRICS CRA aims to give members with short-term liquidity support through currency swaps in order to
14 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the New START Treaty Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Waqf Board Prelims & Mains 3. About the Fair and Remunerative Price Prelims & Mains 4. Details of the Central Vigilance Commissioner Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the New START Treaty: GS II Topic International Relations · The Russian Federation and the United States of America signed the New START Treaty, which outlines measures for further reducing and limiting strategic offensive weaponry. · The agreement goes into force on February 5, 2011. · It is intended to replace the START framework, which in 1991 set a limit on the number of warheads and strategic delivery vehicles that might be deployed by either side (after the conclusion of the Cold War). · It continues the bipartisan process of verifiably reducing the strategic nuclear arsenals of the US and Russia by restricting each side to 700 strategic launchers and 1,550 operational warheads. · Unless it is renewed for an additional five years, it ends in February 2021. Source The Indian Express 2 – Details of the Waqf Board: GS II Topic Statutory and Non-Statutory Bodies · About: · the giving of money or other resources to religious or charitable causes in the name of God. · According to the law, the permanent dedication of any movable or immovable property for any purpose recognised by Muslim law as pious, religious, or benevolent by a person professing Islam · How are Waqf Boards formed? · A property may become a waqf if it has been continuously utilised for religious or charity purposes for a long time; otherwise, a waqf may be created by the drafting of a deed or other legal document. · The funds are commonly used to support mosques, cemeteries, schools, and shelter homes. · The waqf would remain an ongoing entity, making it impossible for the individual who founded it to regain the assets. · A non-Muslim may also create a waqf, but they must do it with Islamic goals in mind and in a way that declares Islam. · What is the Waqf Board’s procedure? · It is governed by the 1995 Waqf Act. · According to the Act, a survey commissioner is expected to conduct local research, speak with witnesses, and acquire public records in order to compile a list of all properties that have been designated as waqf. · A manager who doubles as a mutawali oversees the waqf’s activities. Despite the fact that trusts can be created for motives other than charitable and religious ones, it is equivalent to one created in compliance with the Indian Trusts Act of 1882. In contrast to a waqf, a trust can also be disbanded by the board. · It is allowed to buy, hold, and transfer any kind of property. · Due to its status as a legal organisation or juristic person, the board is able to bring legal claims and be sued in court. · Composition: · The Waqf Board, which consists of a chairperson, one or two state government nominations, Muslim lawmakers and parliamentarians, Muslim state bar council members, recognised Islamic scholars, and mutawalis of waqfs with an annual income of Rs. 1 lakh and more, is present in every state. · Other information: · According to the law, the Waqf Board is responsible for overseeing the waqf’s assets and must get permission before transferring any immovable property owned by a waqf via a sale, gift, mortgage, exchange, or lease. However, unless at least two-thirds of the Waqf Board members vote in favour of the transaction, the sanction will not be granted. Source The Hindu 3 – About the Fair and Remunerative Price: GS III Topic Indian Agriculture · Details of the FRP: · FRP is the regulated price that the government mandates mills pay farmers for the cane that they purchase from them. · Through the use of a contract with mills, farmers have the option to pay the FRP in instalments. · When payments are late, interest fees of up to 15% per year may apply. Additionally, the sugar commissioner may seize mill assets to recover unpaid FRP as revenue recovery dues. · According to the Sugarcane Control Order, 1966, which was issued under the Essential Commodities Act (ECA), 1955, FRP is required to be paid across the country within 14 days of the date the cane was delivered. · Following the proposal of the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs made the announcement (CCEA). · CACP is the name of a division within the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. As an advisory body, the government is not compelled to take its recommendations into consideration. · The organisation is presided over by the Prime Minister of India. · The FRP was built on the findings of the study on sugarcane industry restructuring conducted by the Rangarajan Committee. · What elements are taken into account when the FRP is announced? · Sugarcane production costs: · Returning to the trend of agricultural commodity pricing and alternative crop growers, sugar is given to customers at a fair price. · The cost at which producers of sugar sell their sugar that is made from sugarcane. · Molasses, bagasse, and press mud are examples of byproducts that might bring in a profit or have their worth attributed to them. · Sugarcane farmers should have enough margins to cover earnings and risk. · Payment options for FRP: · The FRP is based on the sugar-recovery capacity of the cane. · FRP has been established at Rs 2,900 per tonne at a base recovery of 10% for the sugar season of 2021–2022. · Sugar recovery is the proportion of sugar produced to cane crushed that is expressed as a percentage. · Higher FRP and sugar production are the results of higher recovery. · Details of the sugarcane crop: · 21 to 27 degrees Celsius, humid and sticky. · Between 75 and 100 cm of rain fall. · Deep, rich loam makes up the soil. · Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
13 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the Tuberculosis Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Prelims & Mains 3. About the Free Trade Agreement Prelims & Mains 4. Detail of the Serious Fraud Investigation Office Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Tuberculosis: GS II Topic Health related issues About: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacteriaceae family with roughly 200 species, is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). Some mycobacteria infect a variety of animals, while others cause diseases like leprosy and TB in humans. TB most frequently impacts the lungs in people (pulmonary TB), however it can also impact other organs (extra-pulmonary TB). It has been proven that TB, a very old disease, was present in Egypt as early as 3000 BC. The disease TB is curable and treatable. Transmission: Through the air, TB can transmit from one person to another. People who have lung TB cough, sneeze, or spit into the air, spreading the TB bacteria. Symptoms: Chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats are all common signs of active lung TB, as do coughs that occasionally produce sputum and blood. Global TB Impact: In the 30 countries with a high TB burden in 2019, 87% of new TB cases were reported. Eight nations—India, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and South Africa—accounted for two thirds of the new TB cases. Between January and December 2020, India reported 1.8 million TB cases, down from 2.4 million the year prior. MDR-TB continued to be a public health emergency and a threat to health security in 2019. MDR-TB is a type of tuberculosis that is resistant to the two anti-TB medications that are typically used as first-line therapy. Extensively A type of tuberculosis known as drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is brought on by germs that are resistant to several of the most potent anti-TB medications. The BCG vaccine: By altering a Mycobacterium bovis strain, two Frenchmen named Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin created the BCG vaccine (that causes TB in cattle). In humans, it was first applied in 1921. BCG was first made available in India on a small basis in 1948, and it was included in the National TB Control Program in 1962. In addition to its principal application as a TB vaccine, it also offers defence against other mycobacterial diseases like Leprosy and Buruli’s ulcer as well as infant respiratory and bacterial infections. Malignant melanoma and urinary bladder cancer are both treated with it as an immunotherapy agent. It’s an intriguing truth regarding BCG that it performs well in certain places and poorly in others. In general, a country’s efficiency increases with distance from the equator. In nations near or on the equator, such India, Kenya, and Malawi, where the prevalence of TB is higher, it has little to no efficacy. It has a high efficacy in the UK, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Related Projects: Global Initiatives: The Global Fund and Stop TB Partnership have joined forces with the WHO (World Health Organization) to launch the “Find. Treat. All. #EndTB” effort. The Global Tuberculosis Report is additionally published by WHO. India’s Initiatives: The TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign, The Nikshay Ecosystem (a national TB information system), The Nikshay Poshan Yojana (financial support), and The National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017–2025). Two TB vaccines, MIP (Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii) and VPM (Vaccine Projekt Management) 1002, have been created, identified, and are currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. Source The Indian Express 2 – Details of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: GS II Topic International Organizations About: A permanent multinational intergovernmental organisation is the SCO. Keeping the peace, security, and stability in the area is the goal of this Eurasian political, economic, and military institution. In 2001, it was founded. In 2003, the SCO Charter came into effect after being signed in 2002. Genesis: The Shanghai Five, which included Tajikistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia, existed prior to the establishment of the SCO in 2001. The Shanghai Five (1996) was the result of several boundary delineation and demilitarisation negotiations between China and the four former Soviet republics to maintain peace along the boundaries. The Shanghai Five became known as the SCO after Uzbekistan joined the group in 2001. Pakistan and India joined in 2017. It was reported that Iran would join the SCO as a full member on September 17, 2021. Objectives: enhancing the member states’ sense of cooperation and neighbourliness. encouraging efficient collaboration in the fields of politics, trade, the economy, science, and culture. strengthening connections in areas such as environmental protection, energy, transportation, and tourism. Maintain and uphold the region’s peace, security, and stability. creation of a new international political and economic order that is democratic, fair, and logical. Membership: Iran, China, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Structure: The top SCO body, the Heads of State Council, decides how the organisation will operate internally, interact with other States and international organisations, and take into account global challenges. The Heads of Government Council approves the budget and deliberates on matters relating to the interaction of economic sectors within the SCO. Considers daily operation-related topics in the Council of Foreign Ministers. To combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was created. Secretariat of the SCO: Located in Beijing to offer organisational, analytical, and informational support Language Used: Chinese and Russian are the SCO Secretariat’s official working languages. Source The Indian Express 3 – About the Free Trade Agreement: GS III Topic Indian Economy FTA: Free Trade Agreement: It is an agreement between two or more countries to lower import and export restrictions. Under a free trade policy, there are little to no government tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions that prevent the exchange of products and services across international borders. The idea of free trade is the antithesis
MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE:
What precisely is MSP? The minimum support price is the price the government pays farmers for their wheat (MSP). MSPs have been created for 23 crops farmed in both the Kharif and Rabi seasons. What methodology was used in its calculation: The rate at which the government purchases crops from farmers is known as the MSP, which is calculated at least one and a half times the producers’ cost of production. According to the Union Budget for 2018–19, MSP would be kept at 1.5 times the cost of production. Two times a year, the MSP is determined using recommendations made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), a statutory organisation that submits separate reports for the kharif and rabi seasons. Which production costs are included while determining MSPs: When recommending MSP, the CACP considers both “A2+FL” and “C2” expenditures. All of the money farmers spend on things like seeds, pesticides, fertilisers, hired labour, gasoline, and irrigation is included in category A2 expenditures. A2+FL considers actual out-of-pocket expenses as well as the worth of unpaid family labour. In addition to A2+FL, the C2 expenses also comprise the rent and interest forfeited on owned land and fixed capital assets. MSP’s drawbacks include: The main issue with the MSP is a lack of government procurement equipment for all crops, with the exception of wheat and rice, which the Food Corporation of India actively purchases under the PDS. Farmers who live in places where the government buys all of their grain profit the most, while those who live in areas where government grain purchases are less common are frequently impacted. Additionally, the MSP-based procurement system relies on commission agents, intermediaries, and APMC representatives, all of whom are difficult for smaller farmers to get a hold of.
12 Sept 2022 Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the Naxalism in India Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Gaganyaan Mission Prelims & Mains 3. About the Leader of Opposition Prelims & Mains 4. Details of the Cheetah Reintroduction in India Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Naxalism in India: GS III Topic Internal Security of India · Naxal Movement in India: · In its early stages, the movement was strongly ideologically motivated and led by leaders like Charu Majumdar, Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, Nagabhushan Patnaik, and others. · With time, the movement’s direction and character shifted, becoming more ruthless and sanguinary. · Nevertheless, it maintained the impression that it genuinely supported the oppressed and poor, notably the tribal people. · Despite losing some of the support of the urban intellectuals, Maoism still resonates with certain of the more ideologically committed sectors at universities and colleges. · The main Maoist activity hotspots in Chhattisgarh right present are Dantewada, Bastar, Bijapur, and Sukma. · Between the early stage (1967–1972) and the current Maoist movement, the taxonomy of naxalism has experienced major changes. · Today, it has evolved into a highly organised, militaristic movement that puts terrorising populations ahead of furthering its own objectives. · The Special Operations Group of Odisha and the Greyhounds of Andhra Pradesh conducted a coordinated operation that cost the Communist Party of India (Maoist) roughly 30 of its cadres. · According to many, it marked the start of the Naxalite movement’s downfall in the country. · Causes: · Political elements: · The characteristics of tribal peoples and the democratic system’s disregard for them were among the key reasons of such uprisings. · lack of political influence in India to provide possibilities for structural uplift to the underprivileged sectors of society in the affected states. · Lack of tribal community participation in politics · Economic factors: · In Naxal-affected areas, there is economic inequality, underdevelopment, and poverty. · The way of life of the tribes is threatened by mining companies’ intrusion into their woods and territories. · Indigenous tribal population deprived of their lands and separated from their customary sources of subsistence · The benefits of resource exploitation are not shared with the indigenous population. · Damage to the environment: · Environmental degradation in the form of the depletion of land and water resources is a result of mining and industrial activity. · Absence of crucial infrastructure: · inadequate access to basic services like food, freedom, education, and sanitization. · The socially deprived tribals make up the majority of the Naxalites’ support base as a result of inequity, illiteracy, and a lack of opportunities. · The CRPF suffered the following setbacks in its conflict with the Naxals: · States do not share a common strategy. · Between the Central forces and the state police, there is inadequate contact. · Forces in Maoist-affected states lack the necessary battle preparedness and training. · There isn’t a formal system in place for exchanging intelligence across governments and regions. · Due to their knowledge with the region, Naxalites enjoy a significant advantage in armed warfare. · Governmental plan: · As part of Operation Green Hunt, which started in 2010, there was a major deployment of security officers in the naxal-affected districts. There were 223 districts affected by naxalism in 2010, but there are currently just 90. · Aspirational Districts Program: · The government’s approach to combating left-wing extremism is comprehensive, with a focus on security, development, safeguarding the rights and entitlements of local populations, improved governance, and public perception management. · Law and order maintenance falls predominantly under the purview of state governments because “Police” and “Public Order” are matters of state jurisdiction. · implementing the Scheme for Special Infrastructure to fill critical infrastructure shortages in states affected by left-wing extremism. · Assistance is offered for State Police training via the Ministry of Defense. · support for programmes promoting civic participation and community policing. · There is a “National Policy and Action Plan to Address Left Wing Extremism” to put a stop to the menace as soon as feasible. · The objective of anti-left-wing extremism (LWE) policy is to improve the deployment of central forces in the Naxal-infested regions of the state. · Naxalism alternatives in India: · A good leadership: · The Naxals’ presence in the country also reveals the weaknesses in the legal system, which has failed to thwart the threat. · The central government must implement a thorough national plan to defeat naxalism. · Dialogue: · A solution might be discovered through discussions between Naxal leaders and government representatives. · The government needs to engage the Naxalites in substantive dialogue. · Increase employment while raising wages: · Due to the unpredictable employment and living situations in the area, the locals had little alternative but to join the Naxals. · We must first provide the local community with honest, well-paying employment opportunities if we are to successfully battle Naxalism. · Services for rehabilitation and relocation: · Poor people’s situation has only gotten worse due to the lack of any preparations for the resettlement of the displaced people brought on by the presence of mining grounds, irrigation areas, industries, etc. in the area. · More consideration must be given to the rehabilitation of the affected population. · Halt the destruction of the environment: · Depletion of land and water resources as a result of industrial and mining activity, which results in environmental degradation · The disruption of village life has a detrimental effect on tourism. · Refrain from political marginalisation of weaker groups: · The ruling elite still treats Schedule castes, Schedule tribes, and Lower Classes unfairly. · Because they don’t engage equally in political elections and campaigns, these marginalised groups are easy targets for naxals. · Reduce disparity: · Two of the main reasons that have driven the emergence of naxalism are economic inequality and the expanding gap between the rich and the poor. · This gap needs to be partially filled quickly in order to resist Naxalism. · Make sure that the needs of the ordinary people are met: · One of the key reasons for instability is the usage of tribal lands and forests for industrial purposes. · land loss, lack of access to needs including food, clean water, freedom, and education · Act to improve the welfare of the tribal people: · The majority of the Naxalites’ supporters are socially backward tribal people
10 Sept 2022 Daily Quiz
10 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains About the Minimum Support Price Prelims & Mains Details of the Cryptocurrency in India Prelims & Mains About the Abortion Laws in India Prelims & Mains Details of the Line of Control Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Minimum Support Price: GS III Topic Agriculture related issues About: The rate at which the government buys crops from farmers is known as the MSP, and it is calculated as being at least 1.5 times the farmers’ production expenses. Any crop the government determines to be profitable for farmers and hence deserving of “assistance” has a “minimum price” (MSP) established for it. According to the Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices, sugarcane is one of 22 required crops and one of the MSP-recommended crops (CACP). CACP is the name of a division within the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The list of necessary crops consists of 14 crops for the kharif season, 6 crops for the rabi season, and 2 more commercial crops. Additionally, the MSPs for de-husked coconut and toria are established using the MSPs for copra and rapeseed/mustard, respectively. Criteria for Suggesting the MSP: When recommending the MSP for a product, the CACP takes into account a variety of factors, including the cost of cultivation. The dynamics of supply and demand for the commodity, price trends on both the domestic and global markets, parity with respect to other crops, consumer effects (inflation), environmental effects (soil and water consumption), and trade agreements between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors are all taken into account. There are three various production cost types: For each crop, the CACP calculates three different types of average production costs at both the state and national levels for India. ‘A2’: Covers all of the farmer’s direct costs, including fuel, irrigation, hired labour, leased land, pesticides, fertiliser, and seeds. “A2+FL” stands for A2 plus an imputed value for unpaid family labour. “C2”: This cost is more thorough and includes fixed capital assets, interest forgone on owned land, and rentals in addition to A2+FL. CACP considers both A2+FL and C2 costs when advising MSP. The return cost is simply estimated by CACP as A2+FL. However, C2 costs are primarily used by CACP as benchmark reference costs (opportunity costs) to assess whether the MSPs they recommend at least cover these costs in some of the major producing States. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) of the Union government makes the ultimate decision on the MSP level and other recommendations made by CACP. Why is MSP necessary? Due to the twin droughts of 2014 and 2015, farmers have been forced to deal with declining commodity prices since 2014. The rural economy was hurt by the simultaneous shocks of demonetization and the implementation of the GST, especially the non-farm sector but also agriculture. Due to the epidemic, the decline in the economy after 2016–17, and other issues, the majority of farmers still live in insecure situations. Cost increases for fuel, energy, and fertilisers have only gotten worse. What Issues Concern India’s MSP Regime? Despite the official release of MSPs for 23 different crops, only two commodities—rice and wheat—are purchased because they are distributed through NFSA (National Food Security Act). The rest is mostly incidental and unimportant. Ineffectively Implemented: In 2015, the Shanta Kumar Committee estimated that farmers could only obtain 6% of the MSP. This immediately means that 94% of farmers in the country do not profit from the MSP. The current MSP policy has no impact on domestic market prices. It serves as a procurement price rather than an MSP because its primary function is to satisfy NFSA requirements. Farmers are prevented from producing other crops and horticulture goods because of the overproduction of rice and wheat brought on by the unbalanced MSP system, which may increase farmers’ revenue. The MSP-based procurement system also depends on middlemen, commission agents, and APMC officials, all of whom are out of the reach of smaller farmers. Way Ahead: True MSPs demand that the government step in if market prices fall below a predetermined level, usually when there is an excess of production and supply or when external factors have caused a price collapse. MSP can also be a motivating price for many of the products that are desirable for nutritional security, such as coarse cereals, as well as for pulses and edible oils for which India is dependent on imports. Spending more money on nutrient-dense foods like fruits and vegetables, together with fisheries and animal husbandry, is the way to wisdom. The best way to invest is to give companies financial incentives to build valuable value chains based on cluster strategies. A transitional plan for agricultural pricing must be developed by the government, in which some agricultural pricing should be supported by the government and some should be decided by the market. One method to accomplish this would be to create a shortfall payment plan modelled after the Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana (BBY) of Madhya Pradesh. Source The Press Information Bureau 2 – Details of the Cryptocurrency in India: GS III Topic Economy related issues What is cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrency, often known as crypto-currency or crypto, is any kind of money that exists digitally or virtually and uses encryption to protect transactions. As opposed to being issued or regulated by a central authority, cryptocurrencies use a decentralised process to keep track of transactions and generate new units. It is supported by the blockchain, a decentralised peer-to-peer network. What Benefits Can We Get from Using Cryptocurrency? Transactions that happen quickly and affordably: Using cryptocurrency to conduct international transactions is substantially more cost-effective because there are fewer middlemen involved. Investment Location: Similar to gold, the supply of cryptocurrencies is limited. Furthermore, during the past few years, the cost of cryptocurrencies has risen faster than the cost of conventional financial assets. Investment in cryptocurrency may consequently gain popularity. Anti-inflationary Currency: Since cryptocurrencies are in such