Q1. Write a short note on the future missions of ISRO. Paper & Topic: GS III – Space related issues Model Answer: Introduction: In the 1960s, India started making investments in space research and technology. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has historically prioritised social development as the primary goal of space technology applications, rather than addressing strategic or security goals. Since its modest beginnings five decades ago, India’s space programme has evolved rapidly, and it has now earned the right to be regarded as a major player in the space arena. The worth of the global space business is currently estimated to reach $350 billion, and by 2025, it is expected to surpass $550 billion. , Body: ISRO’s upcoming missions are planned: The Gaganyaan project is a crewed orbital spacecraft that can travel seven days in space with three passengers on board. · It is anticipated to be finished prior to 2022. o The Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC), which will oversee the Gaganyaan Project, was recently established to supervise the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP). The first Lagrangian point (L1) between the Sun and Earth is where Aditya-L1, India’s first solar observatory, will be situated. At this point, the dynamic gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth approximately cancels out. o Using its seven instruments, it will examine the Sun’s atmosphere and surface. A Venus orbiter mission called Shukrayaan will be launched in 2025 with the specific goals of examining Venus’ surface and subsurface, atmospheric chemistry, and interactions with the sun’s wind. Venus’ atmosphere contains a gas that on Earth is associated with living things. Numerous expeditions to Venus have been suggested in light of the recent indications of possible extraterrestrial life. Phosphine molecules were discovered on Venus in September 2020; they may be a biosignature of microbial life. In order to comprehend the evolution and potential conditions on Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars, scientists also utilise Venus as a model. The country’s second space observatory will be the X-ray Polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat), which will be smaller and more focused. It will research how cosmic objects that are in Earth’s orbit polarise their X-ray emissions. India’s satellite-based data relay system: India aims to launch a new satellite series dubbed IDRSS this year in order to track and communicate with its own space assets from orbit. To enable satellite to satellite communication and data transfer, a pair of two IDRSS spacecraft will be launched into geostationary orbit. Other Indian satellites, particularly those in low-Planet orbits (LEO), which have less coverage of the earth, will be tracked, sent, and received in real-time. It will also be helpful in monitoring launches and helping the Gaganyaan mission crew maintain mission control while they are in transit. In 2022, Chandrayaan-3, a lander and a rover towards the moon, will launch. ISRO’s challenges in its space endeavours: Astronaut training: India lacks the necessary facilities, despite ISRO’s repeated requests since the early 2000s for local training facilities for its astronauts. Projects need large investments and run the risk of failing. Biosciences: While ISRO has mastered the engineering components of the mission, bioscience is a new subject for ISRO and calls for more technical expertise as well as collaboration and support from other organisations. Enhancing the GSLV Mk III: Gaganyaan requires a massive rocket with the ability to lift a big capsule. Large satellites can be launched into orbit using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark III, although this rocket must now be suitable for use by people. Technology precision: A system’s reliability must be high enough to permit a failure rate of only one out of every 500 launches. Way ahead: Either setting up a specific road map within ISRO for India’s commercial space programme or creating a distinct Space Commerce entity that is independent of ISRO for space-related operations. Promoting startups because they are scalable globally and have the potential to surpass product/service offerings coming from India. By offering mentoring, ISRO enables the private sector to effectively utilise the technical experience developed by ISRO. Space legislation adoption: To establish clear timetables for the commercial space industry’s pursuit of space operations in terms of regulatory, legal, and procedural frameworks. It was suggested to promote and govern India’s space operations through the Draft Space Activities Bill, 2017. It discussed how the Department of Space supervised and gave permission for private sector organisations to participate in space activities in India. Q2. Write a short note on use of money power in elections. Paper & Topic: GS II – Election related issues Model Answer: Introduction: With several upcoming Assembly elections, one problem might require more focus than others. Money is spent heavily on elections today. Depending on estimates, a candidate may invest crores of rupees in a single constituency. Voters overlook this crucial issue amid the cacophony of campaigns, leaders, celebrities, and media attention. Political parties are thought to be the biggest and most immediate beneficiaries, and money lies at the heart of India’s political corruption problem. Election corruption results in diminished accountability, distorted representation, and asymmetry in governance. Transparency in election funding is required as a result. Body: Background: Voters support political parties because they promise to benefit the populace. The governments in power are more obligated to the donors than to the electorate if election financing come from other sources. For instance, according to the Government Budget, the Government lost 2. 24 lakh crore in 2019–20 as a result of incentives to enterprises and a reduction in tariffs and taxes. The voters are unaware of this. After the introduction of Electoral Bonds, there is no longer any transparency in fundraising. All political parties have refused to submit to the transparency that comes with Right to Information despite the CIC judgement. Additionally, financial restrictions lack clarity. Issues with finance for elections: Donation obscurity: The majority of political parties’ funding (about 70%) comes from financial donations made anonymously. Additionally, parties are exempt from income tax, giving black money hoarders a conduit. For instance, the legal status

Q1. “What are the observations made by the Supreme Court of India on Personal Liberty and Right to Life? (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS II – Indian Polity Model Answer: Introduction: The right to life and personal liberty is guaranteed by Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Both the phrases “life” and “personal liberty” have been given a fairly broad definition that encompasses a wide range of rights. Its deprivation is only achievable following the legal procedure. The Supreme Court has given the term “life” a broad interpretation, giving it a wide range of meaning. Body: Article 21 interpretations by the Supreme Court: Human Dignity and the Right to Live In the case of Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court declared that the right to life enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is not only a bodily right, but also encompasses the right to live with dignity. In the case of Francis Coralie vs. Union Territory of Delhi, it was decided that the right to life includes the ability to live in dignity with the bare essentials of life such as adequate sustenance, clothing, and shelter over the head, among other things. Right to work without being subjected to sexual harassment The court ruled in Vishakha vs. the State of Rajasthan that sexual harassment of a working woman at work is a violation of her rights under Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Indian Constitution. The guidelines were established in order to preserve a woman’s rights at work. The right to a healthy environment According to Article 21, the right to life entails a dignified life in a safe and healthy environment. Article 21 regulates the upkeep of numerous items such as health, sanitation, and environmental preservation. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum versus Union of India is a case where the plaintiffs are the Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum and the defendants are the Union of India. The Supreme Court ruled that, while industries are important for the country’s development, the principle of “sustainable development” must be employed as a balancing concept in light of the pollution they generate. The right to know (or to be informed) In the case of Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd. vs. Proprietors of Indian Express Newspapers, the courts recognised that the right to know falls under the ambit of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as a necessary component of participatory democracy. Prisoners’ rights: Those who have been convicted of any crime can likewise benefit from Article 21 protection. Despite the fact that he has been stripped of his other rights, he is nevertheless entitled to the rights granted by Article 21. Right to be free from arbitrary detention The Supreme Court established standards for the Central and State investigating authorities to follow in all situations of arrest and imprisonment in the case of K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal. Right to legal representation and a timely trial: In Hussainara Khatoon vs. State of Bihar, it was determined that someone accused who cannot afford legal services due to poverty, indigence, or incommunicado status has a right to free legal aid at the State’s expense under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Diseases that are horribly contagious are revealed. The lady proposing to marry a person with a terrible sickness is entitled to all human rights that any human being is entitled to, and the right to know that person is suffering from a fatal condition that is sexually transmissible is her right to life guaranteed under Article 21. Right to Personal Space: The Supreme Court has ruled in Justice K.S. Puttuswamy vs. Union of India and Others that privacy is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution. Right to a dignified death: The right to life was broadened by the Supreme Court to include the right to die with dignity. It approved a ‘living will’ that allows terminally ill patients or those in a persistent and incurable vegetative state (PVS) to have a dignified death by refusing medical treatment or life support. Conclusion: Article 21 is not a legally binding right. The state can place constraints on the right to life and liberty, but they must be fair, reasonable, and just, and they must be done in accordance with legal procedures. It cannot, however, be suspended in an emergency. The basic right under Article 21 is one of the most significant rights guaranteed by the Constitution, and the Apex Court in the Unni Krishnan case defined it as “the heart of fundamental rights.” Q2. Discuss the contribution of Swami Vivekanand. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS I – Indian Culture Model Answer: Introduction: Ramakrishna’s message was propagated by Narendranath Datta (1862–1902), afterwards known as Swami Vivekananda, who also attempted to adapt it to the demands of modern Indian society. He became known as the neo-Hindu movement’s preacher. Vivekananda’s message to the world about human values is based on specific spiritual experiences he experienced with Ramakrishna, the teachings of the Upanishads and the Gita, as well as the examples of the Buddha and Jesus. Body: Swami Vivekananda’s social initiatives in pre-independence India: He held the view that education may result in socioeconomic transformation. He wanted the people of this nation to have both secular and moral education. In order to create “machines which will deliver purest concepts to the doorstep of even the poorest and meanest,” he founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897. Great humanist Vivekananda employed the Ramakrishna Mission for social service and humanitarian aid. Vivekananda promoted the idea of serving everyone, or the ideology of service. The Mission was managing a number of schools while Swami Vivekananda was in charge. It provided aid to persons who had been impacted by catastrophes including famines, floods, and epidemics. Vivekananda fought for women’s rights to an education. He placed a strong emphasis on traditional family values and female chastity, although he was vehemently opposed to women’s subjugation. He fervently argued that women should have access to all educational opportunities. All Indians

Q1. Write a short note on Biosafety, its associated concerns and solutions. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS III – Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life; Achievements of Indians in science &   technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology. Model Answer: Introduction: Biosecurity is described as “institutional and personal security measures meant to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion, or purposeful release of viruses and toxins,” according to the World Health Organization. Biosecurity, according to the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), is a “strategic and integrated approach” that encompasses policies and regulations that address food safety, animal and plant life, and their health, as well as associated environmental concerns. “ The containment concepts, technologies, and procedures that are employed to prevent unintentional exposure to diseases and poisons, or their accidental discharge,” according to the WHO. Body: India’s State of Preparedness: In India, the ministries of health and family welfare, science and technology, and the environment ministry are the primary ministries dealing with biosecurity. ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research), CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), and DRDO (Department of Research and Development) are in charge of various areas of biosecurity in India (Defence Research and Development Organization). In India, biosecurity is regarded as a health and agriculture issue, hence it is mostly handled by the states. The central government offers rules that the states adapt to their specific needs. A National Agricultural Biosecurity Program was recommended by the National Farmers Commission, led by M S Swaminathan, in 2004. The Agricultural Biosecurity Bill, introduced in 2013, seeks to establish a ‘Agricultural Biosecurity Authority,’ a high-powered authority that would oversee four areas: animal health, plant health, marine creatures, and agriculturally vital bacteria. This, however, is currently awaiting approval. The customs agency regulates the import of exotic pests and weeds. Plants were classified as restricted, forbidden, or prohibited in India under the Plant Quarantine Order of 2003. The CITES classification is also used to limit the entry of new species. In India, the ICMR oversees a number of bio-safety level (BSL) labs. There are 30 BSL-3 and BSL-2+ labs that are currently operational. There are two BSL-4 (highest safety level) labs, one in Pune (National Institute of Virology) and the other in Bhopal (National Institute of Virology) (National Institute of High-Security Animal Diseases). India is a member to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), which was the first international convention to prohibit the use of an entire class of weapons in 1972. The treaty has also been ratified. The convention employs ‘confidence-building mechanisms,’ such as inter-party meetings, UNSC complaints, victim aid, and so on. Associated Concerns: Biosecurity measures are not implemented uniformly in India because they are at the control of local states. Given India’s vulnerability to pest incursions, even detecting an act of agro-terrorism (bioterrorism directed at the agricultural sector) let alone establishing its source will be challenging. Customs officials, who have been chastised for a lack of training in this area, will halt the import of potentially invasive pests and biological agents. For example, identifying the seed of a potentially invasive species among incoming travellers’ luggage. Because the Destructive Insects and Pests Act of 1914 and the Livestock Importation Act of 1898 are just subsidiaries of the Customs Act of 1962, quarantine officers are effectively powerless. One of the things the 2013 Biosecurity Bill aimed to change was this. Since 2014, India’s biosecurity bill has been awaiting approval. Also, zoonoses (such as Coronaviruses) are not taken into account. Unlike many other types of national security concerns, emerging biological agents like SARS CoV 2 are impossible to predict. There is also a large time lapse between discovering a viable treatment/vaccine, making the situation much more perilous. Biological agents, such as viruses, have a higher rate of mutations, as well as a latency period, which makes disease identification and control more difficult. Such biological attacks (intentional, unintentional, or natural) put the country’s defence forces in jeopardy in two ways: The armed forces may be harmed and weakened by the biological agent, and their capacity to deal with conventional threats such as terrorist attacks and WMDs is diluted as resources are diverted for the domestic response, posing a security risk. In light of the debate and accusations surrounding Wuhan Institute of Virology’s role in the COVID-19 incident, the challenge of distinguishing between offensive (or aggressive) and defensive (or peaceful) goals of biological agents has emerged. Even mismanagement of a biosecurity issue on a local level has the potential to spread and have an international impact. This necessitates international cooperation marked by transparency, credibility, and prompt action. The BTWC lacks a verification regime. Any country with a sufficiently established pharmaceutical sector has the potential to build a biological WMD, making the formulation of a verification framework challenging. The capacity to detect and resolve such non-compliances is influenced by the speed with which an international investigation team is formed (since fresh forensic evidence is critical) and the investigative team’s access to the impacted area. For example, examinations into the United States’ accusation of the Soviet Union’s use of mycotoxins in 1981 proved inconclusive. Conclusion: The COVID-19 dilemma has impacted not just India and other countries across the world, but also the country of origin. It has been demonstrated that in the event of a biological war, every country would be a victim—there would be no winners. The situation should serve as a stark reminder of the value of the universal biodeterrence doctrine. For its part, India should improve its biosecurity system while also mobilising international collaboration to improve global biosecurity. Q2. Write a short note on the use of disruptive technology in the healthcare sector.  (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS III – Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life; Achievements of Indians in science &   technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology. Model Answer: Introduction: Involvement of humans in the diagnosis, treatment, and hospitalisation of infected patients