◇ The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave a constitutional status andprotection to co-operative societies. ◇ In this context, it made the following three changes in the constitution: • It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article191). • It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43 B2). • It added a new Part IX-B in the onstitution which is entitled “The Co-operative Societies
19 Sept 2022 – Daily Answer Writing
19 SEPTEMBER 2022 – MAINS QUESTIONS – MAINS QUESTIONS DAILY QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS: Q1. Write a short note on tribal movements in India during British Period. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS I à Modern Indian History Model Answer: Introduction: Mizos (1810), Kols (1795 and 1831), Mundas (1889), Daflas (1875), Khasi and Garo (1829), Kacharis (1839), Santhals (1853), Muria Gonds (1886), Nagas (1844 and 1879), Bhuiyas (1868), and Kondhas (1817) were among the prominent tribes involved in insurrection during the colonial period. Body: Tribal groups played a vital and integral role in Indian culture. They had their own social and economic systems before to conquest and subsequent assimilation into British possessions. The tribals’ requirements were met by these systems, which were traditional in character. The tribal society suffered as a result of British policy. This obliterated their economy and communities, which had previously been largely self-sufficient. Tribal groups from several places rose up against the British. Because they were geared against the colonial administration, their movements were anti-colonial. The following points might help you understand the features of tribal movements in India during British rule: There were two sorts of tribal anti-colonial movements: 1. movements against oppressors such as landlords, moneylenders, traders, thekedars (contractors), government officials, and Christian missionaries, and 2. movements affiliated to and integrated with the Indian National movement. The first set of movements can be classified as anti-colonial because they were directed at the classes that were created as a result of British colonialism and who aided the tribals. The tribals regarded these classes as foreigners. Moneylenders and landlords took tribal lands when tribals were unable to repay their loans or the interest on them. As a result, the tribals became tenants on their own land, and in certain cases, bound labourers. They were never helped by the police or revenue officers. Not only were the judges oblivious of the tribal agrarian system and customs, but they were also unaware of the tribals’ misery. Many tribes such as the Munda, Santhals, Kol, Bhils, Warli, and others in Assam, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra revolted as a result of land alienation, usurpation, forced labour, minimum pay, and land grabbing. In their respective regions, they began movements against their oppressors. Their anti-colonial protests could be classified as anti-colonial. Outsiders (dikus) — landlords, moneylenders, thekedars and missionaries, as well as European government officials – were designated as their foes by Birsa Munda, who promised his people a golden period after removing the outsiders from their country. Overall, these movements had social and religious overtones, but they were motivated by difficulties around their own existence. For example, Jatra Bhagat founded the Jatra Bhagat and Tana Bhagat Movement in 1914. It was a movement promoting monotheism, vegetarianism, abstinence from meat and alcohol, and tribal dance. Anti-colonialism and domestic reforms were emphasised by the Jatra Bhagat and Tana Bhagat movements. Forest management has also sparked rebellion among some tribes, as forests are the primary source of income in some areas. The laws not only denied tribals access to a variety of forest resources, but they also subjected them to persecution by forest officials. This prompted tribes in Andhra Pradesh and other states to organise. For instance, the Rampa revolt led by Alluri Sitaramaraju. These ‘movements’ began under the direction of their respective leaders. Although the movements originated on social and religious problems, as well as against outsider oppression, they eventually amalgamated with the National movement and the anti-tax campaign. The tribals used traditional weaponry such as bows, arrows, lathis, and axes to fight their opponents. Their campaign frequently devolved into violence, leading in the assassination of oppressors and the torching of their homes. For instance, consider the Ramoshi insurrection in the Bombay suburbs. The government brutally suppressed the majority of the movements. The tribals were forced to follow British policies that were harmful to their interests. However, in response to these setbacks, the government implemented protective administration in tribal areas. The government passed the I Scheduled District Act (1874) and the Govt. of India Act of 1935, which classified tribal territories as excluded areas. Conclusion: During the colonial period, tribals were among the exploited social groups. Tribal movements in India were confined to a few places as a result of the conquest and later assimilation of tribal areas into British territories, but they were still part of the greater national struggle against colonial powers. Q2. Write a short note on the influence of Bengal region on the India’s independence struggle. (250 words) Paper & Topic: GS I à Modern Indian History Model Answer: Introduction: Bengal, or West Bengal, is well-known for its significant contribution to the Indian Independence Movement. Bengal became a hotbed of the Indian independence movement and the epicentre of the Bengali Renaissance in the early twentieth century. Following the Swadeshi Movement in the first decade of the twentieth century, revolutionary nationalism developed as a powerful political movement in Bengal. The Swadeshi Movement was born out of Bengal’s fury over the division of the province of Bengal in 1905. Body: Bengal’s contributions to India’s freedom struggle: The Sanyasi revolt in Bengal lasted from 1763 to 1800. It was essentially a peasant insurrection that began in Dhaka (now Bangladesh’s capital) and stretched all the way to Bihar, with up to 50,000 rebels. The Indigo uprising was mostly nonviolent, and it served as a forerunner to Gandhiji’s later nonviolent satyagraha. The dramatisation of the revolution in the play Nil Darpan, as well as numerous other works of prose and poetry, made the revolt extremely popular. As a result, the revolt became a focal point in Bengal’s political consciousness, influencing many subsequent movements in the Indian liberation struggle. By equating the Motherland with the Mother-Goddess, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee elevated nationalism to the level of religion. He authored the poem ‘Vande Mataram’ in Anandamath. To introduce social and educational reforms to women, the Bengal Renaissance established many journal houses and collaborated with various newspapers and journalistic publications such as
15 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. BRICS Prelims & Mains 2. Emergency Provisions Prelims & Mains 3. Self Sufficiency in Urea Sector Prelims & Mains 4. Reforms needed in UNSC Prelims & Mains 1 – BRICS: GS II International Organizations · About: · The abbreviation BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies. · Every year, the BRICS Leaders’ Summit is held. · Structure: · BRICS is not a formal organisation; rather, it is an annual summit between the leaders of five countries. · According to the formula B-R-I-C-S, the chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members. · Over the last decade, BRICS cooperation has grown to include an annual programme of over 100 sectoral meetings. · Important Characteristics · BRICS accounts for over 40% of the world’s population and 30% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), making it an important economic engine. · It’s a global power bloc and a burgeoning investment market. · The name “BRICS” was coined in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill in a report on the growth prospects for the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, which combined accounted for a major portion of global production and population. · The four countries began an annual informal diplomatic cooperation in 2006, with Foreign Ministers meeting on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly’s General Debate (UNGA). · Following this positive encounter, it was decided that the debate would take place at the level of Heads of State and Government at yearly Summits. · Timeline: · In 2009, the Russian Federation hosted the first BRIC Summit, which focused on themes such as global financial architecture reform. · In December 2010, South Africa was asked to join BRIC, and the group’s acronym was changed to BRICS. In March 2011, South Africa attended the Third BRICS Summit in Sanya, China. · Objectives: · For more sustainable, equitable, and mutually beneficial development, the BRICS aspire to deepen, broaden, and accelerate collaboration within the grouping and among individual nations. · To guarantee that interactions are established on the respective country’s economic strengths and to prevent competition whenever possible, BRICS takes into account each member’s growth, development, and poverty objectives. · BRICS is establishing itself as a new and promising political-diplomatic body with a wide range of goals that extend far beyond the basic goal of overhauling global financial institutions. · Cooperation Domains: · Cooperation in the Economic Sector: · Trade and investment flows between BRICS countries are quickly increasing, as are economic cooperation efforts in a variety of industries. · Economic and trade cooperation, innovation cooperation, customs cooperation, strategic cooperation between the BRICS Business Council, contingent reserve agreement, and the New Development Bank all have agreements in place. · These agreements help to achieve the common goals of strengthening economic cooperation and promoting integrated trade and investment markets. · Interaction between people: · The need to strengthen People-to-People interactions and create closer collaboration in the areas of culture, sport, education, cinema, and youth has been recognised by BRICS members. · In the spirit of openness, inclusiveness, variety, and mutual learning, people-to-people interactions aim to establish new connections, develop relations, and mutual understanding between BRICS peoples. · The Young Diplomats Forum, Parliamentarian Forum, Trade Union Forum, Civil BRICS, and Media Forum are examples of people-to-people encounters. · Cooperation in the Political and Security Spheres: · The goal of BRICS member countries’ political and security cooperation is to achieve peace, security, development, and cooperation in order to make the world a more equitable and fair place. · BRICS offers chances for policy advice and best practise exchanges on domestic and regional issues, as well as pushing the restructuring of the global political architecture to make it more balanced, based on the pillar of multilateralism. · South Africa’s foreign policy initiatives, such as the promotion of the African Agenda and South-South Cooperation, are driven by BRICS. · Mechanism of Cooperation: · The following methods are used to achieve member cooperation: · Track I: Official diplomatic relations between national governments. · Track II: Government-affiliated organisations, such as state-owned businesses and business councils, are used to engage people. · Civil society and People-to-People involvement is the third track. · The BRICS Group’s Impact on Global Institutional Reforms · The financial crisis of 2008 were the catalyst for the BRIC nations to begin cooperating. The crises cast doubt on the dollar-dominated monetary system’s long-term viability. · “Multilateral institutions must be reform[ed] to reflect structural changes in the international economy and the increasingly central role that emerging markets currently play,” the BRICs said. · The BRICs were successful in pushing for institutional reform, which resulted in quota reform at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2010. As a result of the financial crises, western legitimacy was temporarily eroded, allowing the BRIC countries to become “agenda setters” in multilateral institutions. · A new development bank has been established: · Shanghai is the headquarters of NDB. · The prospect of establishing a new Development Bank was discussed at the Fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012) to mobilise resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing nations. · The presidents signed the Agreement establishing the New Development Bank during the Sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2014. (NDB). · The NDB will boost BRICS cooperation and augment the efforts of international and regional financial institutions for global development, according to the Fortaleza Declaration, contributing to sustainable and balanced growth. · Clean energy, transportation infrastructure, irrigation, sustainable urban development, and economic cooperation among member nations are among the NDB’s primary areas of work. · The NDB is based on a consultation framework among the BRICS countries, with equal rights for all members. · Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a type of contingency reserve · In 2014, the BRICS states signed the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) as part of the Fortaleza Declaration at the Sixth BRICS Summit, in response to the increasing frequency of global financial crises. · The BRICS CRA aims to give members with short-term liquidity support through currency swaps in order to
13 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the Tuberculosis Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Prelims & Mains 3. About the Free Trade Agreement Prelims & Mains 4. Detail of the Serious Fraud Investigation Office Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Tuberculosis: GS II Topic Health related issues About: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacteriaceae family with roughly 200 species, is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). Some mycobacteria infect a variety of animals, while others cause diseases like leprosy and TB in humans. TB most frequently impacts the lungs in people (pulmonary TB), however it can also impact other organs (extra-pulmonary TB). It has been proven that TB, a very old disease, was present in Egypt as early as 3000 BC. The disease TB is curable and treatable. Transmission: Through the air, TB can transmit from one person to another. People who have lung TB cough, sneeze, or spit into the air, spreading the TB bacteria. Symptoms: Chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats are all common signs of active lung TB, as do coughs that occasionally produce sputum and blood. Global TB Impact: In the 30 countries with a high TB burden in 2019, 87% of new TB cases were reported. Eight nations—India, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and South Africa—accounted for two thirds of the new TB cases. Between January and December 2020, India reported 1.8 million TB cases, down from 2.4 million the year prior. MDR-TB continued to be a public health emergency and a threat to health security in 2019. MDR-TB is a type of tuberculosis that is resistant to the two anti-TB medications that are typically used as first-line therapy. Extensively A type of tuberculosis known as drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is brought on by germs that are resistant to several of the most potent anti-TB medications. The BCG vaccine: By altering a Mycobacterium bovis strain, two Frenchmen named Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin created the BCG vaccine (that causes TB in cattle). In humans, it was first applied in 1921. BCG was first made available in India on a small basis in 1948, and it was included in the National TB Control Program in 1962. In addition to its principal application as a TB vaccine, it also offers defence against other mycobacterial diseases like Leprosy and Buruli’s ulcer as well as infant respiratory and bacterial infections. Malignant melanoma and urinary bladder cancer are both treated with it as an immunotherapy agent. It’s an intriguing truth regarding BCG that it performs well in certain places and poorly in others. In general, a country’s efficiency increases with distance from the equator. In nations near or on the equator, such India, Kenya, and Malawi, where the prevalence of TB is higher, it has little to no efficacy. It has a high efficacy in the UK, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Related Projects: Global Initiatives: The Global Fund and Stop TB Partnership have joined forces with the WHO (World Health Organization) to launch the “Find. Treat. All. #EndTB” effort. The Global Tuberculosis Report is additionally published by WHO. India’s Initiatives: The TB Harega Desh Jeetega Campaign, The Nikshay Ecosystem (a national TB information system), The Nikshay Poshan Yojana (financial support), and The National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017–2025). Two TB vaccines, MIP (Mycobacterium Indicus Pranii) and VPM (Vaccine Projekt Management) 1002, have been created, identified, and are currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. Source The Indian Express 2 – Details of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: GS II Topic International Organizations About: A permanent multinational intergovernmental organisation is the SCO. Keeping the peace, security, and stability in the area is the goal of this Eurasian political, economic, and military institution. In 2001, it was founded. In 2003, the SCO Charter came into effect after being signed in 2002. Genesis: The Shanghai Five, which included Tajikistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia, existed prior to the establishment of the SCO in 2001. The Shanghai Five (1996) was the result of several boundary delineation and demilitarisation negotiations between China and the four former Soviet republics to maintain peace along the boundaries. The Shanghai Five became known as the SCO after Uzbekistan joined the group in 2001. Pakistan and India joined in 2017. It was reported that Iran would join the SCO as a full member on September 17, 2021. Objectives: enhancing the member states’ sense of cooperation and neighbourliness. encouraging efficient collaboration in the fields of politics, trade, the economy, science, and culture. strengthening connections in areas such as environmental protection, energy, transportation, and tourism. Maintain and uphold the region’s peace, security, and stability. creation of a new international political and economic order that is democratic, fair, and logical. Membership: Iran, China, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Structure: The top SCO body, the Heads of State Council, decides how the organisation will operate internally, interact with other States and international organisations, and take into account global challenges. The Heads of Government Council approves the budget and deliberates on matters relating to the interaction of economic sectors within the SCO. Considers daily operation-related topics in the Council of Foreign Ministers. To combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was created. Secretariat of the SCO: Located in Beijing to offer organisational, analytical, and informational support Language Used: Chinese and Russian are the SCO Secretariat’s official working languages. Source The Indian Express 3 – About the Free Trade Agreement: GS III Topic Indian Economy FTA: Free Trade Agreement: It is an agreement between two or more countries to lower import and export restrictions. Under a free trade policy, there are little to no government tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions that prevent the exchange of products and services across international borders. The idea of free trade is the antithesis
MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE:
What precisely is MSP? The minimum support price is the price the government pays farmers for their wheat (MSP). MSPs have been created for 23 crops farmed in both the Kharif and Rabi seasons. What methodology was used in its calculation: The rate at which the government purchases crops from farmers is known as the MSP, which is calculated at least one and a half times the producers’ cost of production. According to the Union Budget for 2018–19, MSP would be kept at 1.5 times the cost of production. Two times a year, the MSP is determined using recommendations made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), a statutory organisation that submits separate reports for the kharif and rabi seasons. Which production costs are included while determining MSPs: When recommending MSP, the CACP considers both “A2+FL” and “C2” expenditures. All of the money farmers spend on things like seeds, pesticides, fertilisers, hired labour, gasoline, and irrigation is included in category A2 expenditures. A2+FL considers actual out-of-pocket expenses as well as the worth of unpaid family labour. In addition to A2+FL, the C2 expenses also comprise the rent and interest forfeited on owned land and fixed capital assets. MSP’s drawbacks include: The main issue with the MSP is a lack of government procurement equipment for all crops, with the exception of wheat and rice, which the Food Corporation of India actively purchases under the PDS. Farmers who live in places where the government buys all of their grain profit the most, while those who live in areas where government grain purchases are less common are frequently impacted. Additionally, the MSP-based procurement system relies on commission agents, intermediaries, and APMC representatives, all of whom are difficult for smaller farmers to get a hold of.
INDIA VIETNAM RELATIONS:
Historical connections between India and Vietnam: Since the founding fathers of the two nations, Presidents Ho Chi Minh, Rajendra Prasad, and Prime Minister Nehru, the relationship between India and Vietnam has been particularly cordial and close. Historical battles for independence from foreign hegemony are the main drivers of today’s traditionally amicable and friendly ties. Following Vietnam’s 1954 victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the first Westerners to travel there. President Rajendra Prasad visited Vietnam in 1959, and President Ho Chi Minh visited India in February 1958. The International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC), which was created to carry out the 1954 Geneva Accords and progress the peace process in Vietnam, was presided over by India. India supported Vietnam’s fight for independence from France because it linked that country’s fight against British domination to Vietnam’s. Since 1955, when Prime Minister Nehru emphasised that US involvement in Vietnam would be a mistake, India has been against US involvement. On January 7, 1972, India formally established diplomatic ties with North Vietnam, three years before Saigon fell in 1975 and one year before the US departed from Vietnam. Vietnam was unified with India’s help, and the two nations are friendly. In South East Asia, Vietnam is a crucial ally. Along with the UN and WTO, India and Vietnam work closely together in a number of regional fora, such as ASEAN, the East Asia Summit, the Mekong Ganga Cooperation, and the Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM). Connections between Vietnam and India in terms of trade and commerce: Vietnam was designated as India’s “Most Favored Nation” in 1977. After the two countries’ bilateral trade agreement was formed in 1978, the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) was signed on March 8, 1997. The ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement, which was concluded in 2003, became effective in 2010. Vietnam is India’s fifteenth-largest trading partner and comes in fourth in the ASEAN behind Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Vietnam is India’s tenth-largest trading partner. Since the economies of Vietnam and India were both liberalised, there has been a major increase in bilateral commerce. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, trade between India and Vietnam has decreased by 22.47 percent over the preceding fiscal years. Machinery and equipment rank among India’s major exports, which also include seafood, medicines, cotton of all varieties, textiles, and leather accessories. Chemicals, plastic resins, chemical goods, fibres of all types, steel of all sorts, fabrics of all kinds, common metals, jewellery, and precious stones are some of the other top exports. Mobile phones and their accessories, computers and electronic devices, machinery and equipment, chemicals, rubber, common metals, wood and wooden products, fibres of all kinds, pepper, automobiles, steel products, coffee, footwear, chemical goods, and polymers and resins are the main imports from Vietnam. The two nations’ bilateral foreign investments have increased as well. Energy, mineral exploration, agroprocessing, sugar, tea, coffee production, agrochemicals, information technology, and auto components are the primary industries in which India has interests. As of 2020, Vietnam had 6 active projects with an estimated total investment of $28.55 million in India. Chemicals, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and building materials make up the majority of Vietnam’s investments in India. Exploration of oil: In 1988, the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), which is under the supervision of the Indian government, started doing business in Vietnam. Block 6.1 exploration rights were granted to it. The producing fields Lan Tay and Lan Rosneft are located in Block 6.1, a 955 km2 area in the South China Sea’s Nam Con Son Basin. 1.33 million tonnes of condensate and gas with an oil equivalent were produced in Block 6.1 by ONGC Videsh, which held a 45 percent stake in the block. Vietnamese and Indian Strategic Partnership: In order to promote shared security, prosperity, and growth for everyone in the area, India and Vietnam have resolved to step up their strategic partnership in accordance with India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. The Mekong-Ganga Cooperation, which aims to promote and enhance close ties between India and Southeast Asian countries, includes Vietnam and India as participants. Vietnam has endorsed India’s proposal to join the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and become a permanent member of the UN Security Council (APEC). India and Vietnam have also joined together in strategic partnerships to create nuclear energy, improve regional security, and combat terrorism, global crime, and drug trafficking. Military collaboration Defense cooperation has grown to be a pillar of our strategic alliance with Vietnam. Vietnam is interested in India’s Brahmos missiles, Dhruv advanced light helicopters, and Akash surface-to-air systems. Along with this, additional elements of defence relations include collaboration on defence R&D, capacity building, resolving common security issues, and personnel training. In 2020, the Indian Navy’s INS Kiltan made a stop in Ho Chi Minh City to deliver flood relief supplies to the citizens of Central Vietnam (Mission Sagar III). In addition to the Vietnamese People’s Navy, it took part in the PASSEX exercise. The relationship between India and Vietnam has: In order to advance bilateral defence cooperation, the defence ministers signed the “Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam Defense Partnership towards 2030.” With the completion of the projects covered by a USD 500 million Defense Line of Credit, Vietnam’s defence capabilities will significantly increase, advancing the government’s objective to “Make in India, Make for the World.” There has been the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Mutual Logistics Support. Moving forward: In India’s Act East strategy, which strives to fortify mutually beneficial ties and guarantee equitable prosperity for everyone in the region, Vietnam has a vital role to play. Vietnam will eventually become more integrated into the SAGAR (Security and Growth All in the Region) plan as it moves closer to realisation. The Indo-Pacific region benefits from the relationship between India and Vietnam in terms of security and the blue economy.
12 Sept 2022 Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the Naxalism in India Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Gaganyaan Mission Prelims & Mains 3. About the Leader of Opposition Prelims & Mains 4. Details of the Cheetah Reintroduction in India Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Naxalism in India: GS III Topic Internal Security of India · Naxal Movement in India: · In its early stages, the movement was strongly ideologically motivated and led by leaders like Charu Majumdar, Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, Nagabhushan Patnaik, and others. · With time, the movement’s direction and character shifted, becoming more ruthless and sanguinary. · Nevertheless, it maintained the impression that it genuinely supported the oppressed and poor, notably the tribal people. · Despite losing some of the support of the urban intellectuals, Maoism still resonates with certain of the more ideologically committed sectors at universities and colleges. · The main Maoist activity hotspots in Chhattisgarh right present are Dantewada, Bastar, Bijapur, and Sukma. · Between the early stage (1967–1972) and the current Maoist movement, the taxonomy of naxalism has experienced major changes. · Today, it has evolved into a highly organised, militaristic movement that puts terrorising populations ahead of furthering its own objectives. · The Special Operations Group of Odisha and the Greyhounds of Andhra Pradesh conducted a coordinated operation that cost the Communist Party of India (Maoist) roughly 30 of its cadres. · According to many, it marked the start of the Naxalite movement’s downfall in the country. · Causes: · Political elements: · The characteristics of tribal peoples and the democratic system’s disregard for them were among the key reasons of such uprisings. · lack of political influence in India to provide possibilities for structural uplift to the underprivileged sectors of society in the affected states. · Lack of tribal community participation in politics · Economic factors: · In Naxal-affected areas, there is economic inequality, underdevelopment, and poverty. · The way of life of the tribes is threatened by mining companies’ intrusion into their woods and territories. · Indigenous tribal population deprived of their lands and separated from their customary sources of subsistence · The benefits of resource exploitation are not shared with the indigenous population. · Damage to the environment: · Environmental degradation in the form of the depletion of land and water resources is a result of mining and industrial activity. · Absence of crucial infrastructure: · inadequate access to basic services like food, freedom, education, and sanitization. · The socially deprived tribals make up the majority of the Naxalites’ support base as a result of inequity, illiteracy, and a lack of opportunities. · The CRPF suffered the following setbacks in its conflict with the Naxals: · States do not share a common strategy. · Between the Central forces and the state police, there is inadequate contact. · Forces in Maoist-affected states lack the necessary battle preparedness and training. · There isn’t a formal system in place for exchanging intelligence across governments and regions. · Due to their knowledge with the region, Naxalites enjoy a significant advantage in armed warfare. · Governmental plan: · As part of Operation Green Hunt, which started in 2010, there was a major deployment of security officers in the naxal-affected districts. There were 223 districts affected by naxalism in 2010, but there are currently just 90. · Aspirational Districts Program: · The government’s approach to combating left-wing extremism is comprehensive, with a focus on security, development, safeguarding the rights and entitlements of local populations, improved governance, and public perception management. · Law and order maintenance falls predominantly under the purview of state governments because “Police” and “Public Order” are matters of state jurisdiction. · implementing the Scheme for Special Infrastructure to fill critical infrastructure shortages in states affected by left-wing extremism. · Assistance is offered for State Police training via the Ministry of Defense. · support for programmes promoting civic participation and community policing. · There is a “National Policy and Action Plan to Address Left Wing Extremism” to put a stop to the menace as soon as feasible. · The objective of anti-left-wing extremism (LWE) policy is to improve the deployment of central forces in the Naxal-infested regions of the state. · Naxalism alternatives in India: · A good leadership: · The Naxals’ presence in the country also reveals the weaknesses in the legal system, which has failed to thwart the threat. · The central government must implement a thorough national plan to defeat naxalism. · Dialogue: · A solution might be discovered through discussions between Naxal leaders and government representatives. · The government needs to engage the Naxalites in substantive dialogue. · Increase employment while raising wages: · Due to the unpredictable employment and living situations in the area, the locals had little alternative but to join the Naxals. · We must first provide the local community with honest, well-paying employment opportunities if we are to successfully battle Naxalism. · Services for rehabilitation and relocation: · Poor people’s situation has only gotten worse due to the lack of any preparations for the resettlement of the displaced people brought on by the presence of mining grounds, irrigation areas, industries, etc. in the area. · More consideration must be given to the rehabilitation of the affected population. · Halt the destruction of the environment: · Depletion of land and water resources as a result of industrial and mining activity, which results in environmental degradation · The disruption of village life has a detrimental effect on tourism. · Refrain from political marginalisation of weaker groups: · The ruling elite still treats Schedule castes, Schedule tribes, and Lower Classes unfairly. · Because they don’t engage equally in political elections and campaigns, these marginalised groups are easy targets for naxals. · Reduce disparity: · Two of the main reasons that have driven the emergence of naxalism are economic inequality and the expanding gap between the rich and the poor. · This gap needs to be partially filled quickly in order to resist Naxalism. · Make sure that the needs of the ordinary people are met: · One of the key reasons for instability is the usage of tribal lands and forests for industrial purposes. · land loss, lack of access to needs including food, clean water, freedom, and education · Act to improve the welfare of the tribal people: · The majority of the Naxalites’ supporters are socially backward tribal people
10 Sept 2022 Daily Quiz
INDIA AND JAPAN:
Introduction: Former Japanese PM Shinzo Abe has been assassinated yesterday during a political rally in Japan. Additionally, in 2022, Japan and India will celebrate the 70th anniversary of their diplomatic relations. On April 28, 1952, India and Japan established diplomatic ties. Japan-India Relations: Historical: Beginning with the visit of the Indian monk Bodhisena in 752 AD, the relationship between India and Japan has a lengthy history founded in spiritual affinities as well as strong cultural and civilizational linkages. Swami Vivekananda, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, JRD Tata, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Judge Radha Binod Pal are notable Indians who have ties to Japan in modern times. Diplomatic: In 1952, India and Japan established diplomatic ties. There were a number of high-level exchanges in the first ten years after diplomatic relations were established, including the visit to India in 1957 by the Japanese Prime Minister. Japan was one of the few nations to help India with its balance of payments problem in 1991. The 2017-founded Act East Forum will act as a platform for India-Japan cooperation under the auspices of Japan’s “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision” and India’s “Act East Policy.” Investments and projects: Four agreements between India and Japan demand Tokyo’s support for health care initiatives in India that are sponsored through the Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects (GGP) programme. The “Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects (GGP)” programme provides funding for development projects created to satisfy the various essential requirements of people residing in developing nations. In addition to actively collaborating with India on infrastructure projects in third countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Japan has invested 1,600 crores in development projects in the northeastern states of India. The Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA), which enables India and Japan to exchange goods and services for their respective armed forces, was also inked in September. Both countries have outlined a plan for growing their Special Strategic and Global Partnership in the post-COVID era. The Japanese prime minister recently visited India and pledged to invest $42 billion (about Rs 3,20,000 crore) there over the next five years as the two countries finalised a number of collaborations and agreements to strengthen their ties. Relationships in the economy and in business: Given the complimentary structure of the two Asian economies, there is a tonne of room for expansion in the economic ties between Japan and India. India’s large and expanding market, as well as its resources, particularly its human resources, have increased Japan’s interest in the nation. In August 2011, India and Japan’s Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) went into effect. The agreement, which covers not just trade in products but also services, the movement of people, investments, intellectual property rights, customs procedures, and other trade-related problems, is the most comprehensive of its kind that India has ever signed. Since 1958, Japan has been the main source of bilateral loans and aid for India, making it the latter country. For the fiscal year 2019–20, bilateral trade between the two countries reached a total of $11.87 billion (April–December). Japan imported goods at US$ 7.93 billion while exporting goods to India worth US$ 3.94 billion. Petroleum products, chemicals, elements, compounds, non-metallic mineral ware, fish and fish preparations, metalliferous ores and scrap, clothes and accessories, iron and steel products, textile yarn, fabrics, and machinery are a few of India’s most important exports to Japan. Machines, electrical machinery, iron and steel products, plastics, non-ferrous metals, auto components, organic chemicals, metal producers, etc. are among the major Japanese imports into India. Defence: Over time, the India-Japan Defense and Security Partnership has developed into a crucial tenet of the two countries’ relations. Growing strategic convergence has increased the effectiveness of our engagements, and our shared beliefs on issues affecting the Indo-Pacific region’s peace, security, and stability have increased the importance of those engagements. The “Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India” was released by the two leaders in October 2008, during Prime Minister Singh’s visit to Japan. The “2+2” summit, the annual Defense Ministerial Interaction, and the Coast Guard-to-Coast Guard communication are a few of the forums for security and defence discussions between Japan and India. The Japanese and Indian armed services collaborate to organise the bilateral exercises JIMEX, SHINYUU Maitri, and Dharma Guardian. Additionally, both nations take part in the Malabar exercise with the USA. Technology & Science: The two nations’ S&T collaboration was formalised by the 1985 Inter-Governmental Agreement. The India-Japan Digital Partnership (IJDP) was established during PM Modi’s visit to Japan in October 2018 in order to broaden both current areas of cooperation and new initiatives within the context of cooperation in S&T/ICT, with a stronger emphasis on “Digital ICT Technologies.” Three joint laboratories between Japan and India in the fields of ICT (AI, IoT, and Big Data) as well as the launch of the DST-JSPS Fellowship Program for young academics are recent projects. Healthcare: In order to adapt AHWIN’s story for AYUSHMAN Bharat, the Japanese organisation ASHWIN and the Indian AYUSHMAN Bharat Program collaborated. Japanese-Asian Community: The composition of the Indian community has changed as a result of the recent influx of numerous professionals, including IT specialists, engineers working for Indian and Japanese firms, as well as authority in management, finance, education, and S&T research. QUAD Grouping: India and Japan’s bilateral collaboration has grown in the Indo-Pacific area, both directly and through the Quad grouping. A “free, open, and prosperous” Indo-Pacific area is the shared goal of India, the US, Japan, and Australia in their informal Quad strategic conversation.
INDO PACIFIC REGION:
The idea of the Indo-Pacific: It is a relatively new idea. The Indo-Pacific region only started to gain widespread attention about ten years ago, but since then, it has grown significantly. The realisation that the Indian Ocean and the Pacific are connected strategic theatres is one of the elements that influences the use of the phrase. Asia is also currently the zone of gravity. Because the Pacific and Indian oceans offer the sea lanes, there exist maritime routes. The great majority of global trade passes via these waters. Trade literally travelled across the Atlantic before the Cold War because that was where the universe’s centre of gravity was located. Instead of India, the earlier phrase Asia-Pacific was used. During the Cold War, many people utilised this catchphrase. The “Indo-Pacific” moniker highlights how important India is to the new system. The Indo-Pacific area faces significant risks from terrorism and the worry that one particular country in the region would start to assert itself. The United States, China, Japan, and India have the four largest economies in the Indo-Pacific region. Different parties have different ideas about what is meant by the term “Indo-Pacific.” India views the area as being open, balanced, inclusive, and integrated. India frequently emphasises the strategic connections, shared difficulties, and opportunities between the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Since the United States views the Indo-Pacific as being free and open, it emphasises the importance of regional standards or norms of behaviour and strives to lessen China’s influence there. The ASEAN nations have included China in order to give it some stakeholdership and to look at potential areas of cooperation because they regard the Indo-Pacific region as a consociational model. India’s perspective on the Indo-Pacific region: Close allies of India include the US, Australia, Japan, and Indonesia, who define the Indo-Pacific as the Asia-Pacific plus India. India is now part of the Asia-Pacific strategic architecture. They essentially want India to be present in the South and East China Seas to compete with China. India, however, wants to work together to create a structure that will bring about peace and stability in the region. The states need to work together to establish a common rules-based structure for the area so that everyone can live in prosperity and security. The Indo-Pacific area is viewed as emancipated and welcoming by India. Everyone with an interest in the region is included, including every country in the area. The territory between the coasts of Africa and America is taken into account when calculating India’s geographic size. India is in favour of an Indo-Pacific trading environment that is governed by rules and is open, balanced, and stable so that all countries can profit from trade and investment. The nation anticipates the same thing from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). India, not China, prefers an ASEAN that is cohesive rather than fragmented. China attempts to implement the “divide and rule” conquest tactic by pitting some ASEAN members against one another. India does not share the American view of the Indo-Pacific, which aims to restrain Chinese dominance. India is more interested in finding methods to cooperate with China. India supports the democratisation of the area. The place used to look almost exactly like a lake in America. However, there are concerns that the region may now become predominately Chinese. In this context, the Scarborough Shoal issue is used as an illustration. India opposes any member of the region achieving hegemonic supremacy. To prevent China from taking over the region, India takes part in trilaterals like India-Australia-France and India-Australia-Indonesia. China: A Challenge or a Threat? China has traditionally been a threat to the nations in the Asia-Pacific in addition to currently being a threat to Indian interests in the Indian Ocean. The distance between the Indian coast and the Chinese-controlled port of Hambantota in Sri Lanka is only a few hundred kilometres. China is, in a way, colonising the region by providing military hardware to India’s neighbours, such as submarines to Myanmar, frigates to Sri Lanka, equipment to Bangladesh, and weapons to Thailand. ASEAN: Because some of its members have been influenced by China, there is a danger that ASEAN’s unity in support of the Indo-Pacific idea could be compromised. India’s relations with ASEAN are further jeopardised by the fact that China is the largest trading partner in the area and can hardly be ignored by the entire association. The centre of the Indo-Pacific is Southeast Asia, and ASEAN is significant to India, particularly in light of its Act East Policy. The ASEAN nations understand how crucial India’s presence in the region is as a counterbalance to China. India and China share similar objectives in a variety of areas, such as globalisation, climate change, etc., despite their major disparities. China and India are members of the BRICS, the SCO, as well as other international organisations. Given China’s significance in the Indo-Pacific, it is believed that China poses more of a threat to India than a threat to its position. How to Move Forward: In line with international law, all countries in the area should be given the same rights to use the common sea and airspace, which calls for unimpeded commerce, freedom of navigation, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. Connectivity must be built up throughout the region based on the principles of preserving territorial integrity and sovereignty, consultation, good governance, openness, viability, and sustainability. Security in the Indo-Pacific region depends on marine domain awareness (MDA). MDA implies thorough awareness of any maritime operation that may have an impact on the environment, economy, or security. Multipolarity: It is essential that the nations in the region uphold security and enjoy law and order. Additionally, this will enable multipolarity in the area. India is expected to step up and provide the weaker nations in the region more options, both militarily and economically. India should try to accommodate their requirements. India needs a potent navy, international diplomacy, and commercial relations with other countries to handle the issues in the Indo-Pacific