About: “Corporate social responsibility” (CSR) refers to a business endeavour to evaluate, assume responsibility for, and support positive social and environmental change with regard to the company’s effects on the environment and social welfare. It goes above and beyond what the law might require. The money should be returned because it is entirely community-sourced. What is mandated by the law? To be in compliance with the Companies Act of 2013, a business must have a net value of at least Rs 500 crore, annual sales of at least Rs 1000 crore, and a net profit of at least Rs 5 crore. Companies must allocate at least 2% of its three-year average net profit to CSR initiatives that meet the requirements of Schedule VII, as from time to time updated. The regulations become operative on April 1, 2014. Additionally, in compliance with the CSR Rules, a foreign company’s branch and project offices in India are liable to the CSR requirements. The qualified business must also establish a CSR Committee with three or more directors. The CSR Committee shall establish and submit to the Board a policy setting forth the responsibilities to be performed, resource allocations, and company-wide CSR policy monitoring. If no decisions were made on CSR spending, the company must explain why. A punishment of up to 25 lakh rupees or up to three years in prison are possible for failing to disclose or omitting information. The first nation to explicitly require corporate contributions is India. What types of activities are permitted? CSR is a commitment to funding programmes that significantly raise the standard of living for the poor through one or more of the priority areas listed below. Getting rid of poverty, malnutrition, and hunger Advancing education, safeguarding the environment, and enhancing mother-child health Preserving the culture of the country Supporting the armed forces Promoting sports and financially aiding the Prime Minister’s National Relief Construction projects in slums, etc. How does it help businesses? Customers actively look for businesses that support charitable causes. Customers are conscious of societal problems. CSR therefore draws in clients. Advantage over competitors – Companies that can set themselves out from the pack by demonstrating that they are more socially conscious than their rivals frequently thrive. CSR efforts boost employee morale because they increase employees’ faith in the company’s compassion. How does legislation affect people? The commercial sector has donated more than 250 billion rupees to charity since the law’s adoption, up from 33.67 billion in 2013. How mainstreaming charity can take CSR from the periphery to the boardroom. Now, businesses must carefully consider the tools, schedules, and tactics required to meet their legal commitments. There are drawbacks, though. Non-compliance: 52 of the top 100 American businesses, according to a report, did not spend the requisite 2% of their yearly earnings last year. According to reports, fewer people have given larger sums of money to charitable organisations that later return donors’ contributions minus a commission. Back then, charity giving served as a critical reputation-builder for philanthropic family-run corporations. Now, all that is required is to abide by the law. Many businesses that were contributing more than 2% have cut back. Finding reputable organisations to collaborate with is one of the issues the corporate sector faces as a result of inequality. As a result, bigger, more well-known organisations get a lot of funding at the expense of smaller ones. The issue is exacerbated by the fact that smaller charities frequently lack the money necessary to meet the administrative and operational needs of businesses. Geographic bias results from the 2% law, with companies favouring projects that are close to where they are located. States with higher levels of industrialization are thus gaining authority over remote, less developed areas that urgently require development assistance. Politics: In an effort to build goodwill, some businesses choose supporting government-led programmes over those that are started independently. What further has to be done? Spending that is necessary moves India a little bit closer to its goals of widespread institutional change and social innovation. Additionally, it inhibits suggestions that businesses alter their operational procedures. A company should think about and nurture its relationships with stakeholders as part of CSR, and it should show this commitment by implementing the appropriate business practises and activities. To define responsible company conduct and demonstrate that CSR extends beyond charitable giving, a formalised set of voluntary national standards is necessary.
PM SHRI SCHEME:
What does PM SHRI mean exactly? As part of the centrally funded PM SHRI Schools initiative, 14,500 schools will be renovated in states and union territories to reflect the key components of the NEP, 2020. The PM Schools for Rising India. At a conference the Ministry of Education held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, in June, the proposal was first discussed with the education ministers of the states and UTs. The PM SHRI will serve as “NEP labs,” even if there are excellent schools like Navodaya Vidyalayas and Kendriya Vidyalayas. NEP characteristics: The National Education Plan envisions a curriculum structure and teaching approach organised into basic, preparatory, intermediate, and secondary levels (NEP). Play-based learning will be used in the early years (preschool and grades I and II). Brief reading material and structured classroom teaching will be provided throughout the preparation stage (III–V). Middle school students will be introduced to subject teachers (VI-VIII). There won’t be a clear distinction between the arts, sciences, or other fields at the secondary level (IX–XII). What distinguishes PM SHRI schools from Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas or Kendriya Vidyalayas? Both Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas are wholly supported by the Union government through Central Sector Schemes, and both are overseen by the Ministry of Education of the Center. Unlike JNVs, which were created to support gifted students in rural portions of the nation, KVs mostly serve children of Union government personnel stationed in states and UTs. In contrast, compared to current institutions supported by the Center, governments, UTs, and neighbourhood organisations, PM SHRI schools will be an upgrade. Therefore, KVs, JNVs, state governments, or even municipal corporations could manage PM SHRI schools. Where will the schools that PM SHRI will operate be situated? Despite claims that the PM SHRI schools will also “provide mentorship” to other schools nearby, the Center has not yet made the list of the schools that have been selected for this reason public. These institutions will have access to contemporary resources like labs, smart classrooms, libraries, sporting equipment, art studios, etc. Additionally, it will be built using energy-efficient materials, recycle garbage, conserve water, and integrate curricula for an organic way of life. What is a centrally sponsored scheme? A programme that is centrally funded is one in which the federal government and the states/union territories normally split the costs of implementation 60:40. The noon meal programme and PM Awas Yojana are two instances of centrally backed programmes (PM Poshan). The Center’s contribution may be close to 90% for the Northeastern states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and UTs without legislatures.
8 Sept 2022 Daily Quiz
08 Sept 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1 About the Retail Inflation Prelims & Mains 2 Details of the FCRA Prelims & Mains 3 About the Judicial Custody Prelims & Mains 4 Details of the Digilocker Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Retail Inflation: GS II Topic Indian Economy Regarding the CPI: Retail prices of goods and services: When we speak of inflation, we frequently refer to the CPI-based inflation rate (CPI). The retail prices of the goods and services that families purchase for their everyday needs are monitored by the CPI. We determine the CPI’s percentage change from the same point a year earlier in order to measure inflation. Deflation is the condition of falling prices (negative inflation). This figure is particularly important to the Central Bank (RBI), which is in charge of keeping price stability in the economy. Other ideas that the CPI also helps with understanding are the real worth of salaries, wages, and pensions, the purchasing power of the currency, and rate control. What distinguishes the WPI from the CPI? WPI assesses the average change in prices of goods at the wholesale level, whereas CPI calculates the average change in prices of goods and services at the retail level. While the Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, releases WPI data, the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, publishes CPI data (MoSPI). The basis year for WPI is 2011–12, while the base year for CPI is 2012. WPI just takes into account changes in product prices, whereas CPI also takes production changes into account. Source The Indian Express 2 – Details of the FCRA: GS II Topic Indian Economy The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) of 2010: The FCRA legislation, which is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs, regulates foreign funding of individuals in India. People are free to solicit contributions from abroad without the MHA’s consent. However, these international contributions can only be made in amounts that are less than Rs. 25,000. The Act ensures that recipients of foreign donations carry out the specified purposes for which they were raised. According to the Act, organisations are required to register themselves every five years. The five categories of social, educational, religious, economic, and cultural goals for which foreign donations are permitted to registered NGOs are as follows: FCRA Amendment Act 2020: The Act prohibits public employees from accepting foreign contributions. A public servant is somebody who works for, is paid by, or receives compensation from the government in exchange for performing any civic duty. A foreign contribution may not be transferred to a third party who is not authorised to accept a foreign contribution, per the Act. The Act mandates that all officers, directors, and key staff of a person accepting foreign contributions must possess an Aadhaar number as identification. The Act states that State Bank of India branches in New Delhi may only accept foreign donations in accounts the bank has designated as FCRA accounts. Reduced use of foreign contributions for administrative costs: According to the Act, only 20% of all foreign donations received may be used to pay for administrative expenses. The FCRA of 2010 set a 50% cap. Revocation of registration certificate: In accordance with the Act, the central government may permit a person to revoke their registration certificate. FCRA-Related Problems: The FCRA regulates the transfer of funds to Indian NGOs coming from abroad. It prohibits accepting donations “for any acts harmful to the national interest” from outside the country. The Act states that if the government believes that the gift to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or “economic interest of the state,” it may refuse to give its assent. On the other hand, “public interest” is not specifically defined. Both the freedom of speech and the freedom of association that are protected by Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(c) of the Constitution are significantly impacted by the limits imposed by the FCRA. The impact on the right to free expression comes in two forms: By allowing some political organisations to receive foreign funding while forbidding others, it is feasible to produce biases in favour of the government. NGOs must exercise caution while criticising the regime since too much criticism may endanger their ability to continue operating. FCRA regulations can stifle dissenting opinions by characterising them as being against the public interest. This kind of repression of free expression may lead to self-censorship. In Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, the Supreme Court (SC) struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act in a case concerning confusing requirements for the public interest (2015). The SC decided that the Act might be used to suppress free expression. Since the right to freedom of association is mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a violation of this right also amounts to a violation of human rights (Article 20). The UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association examined the FCRA, 2010, from a legal standpoint in April 2016. It stated that restrictions supported by “public interest” and “economic interest” had violated the FCRA’s “legitimate limits” requirements. The clause’s terms were excessively unclear and gave the state wide leeway in how to implement them. Even though controlling corrupt NGOs is crucial in this environment, there needs to be clarity around ideas like the public interest. Way Forward: Regulations on foreign contributions that are excessively stringent may make it difficult for NGOs to operate, which are crucial to carrying out government programmes locally. They fill in the gaps left by the government when it falls short. The restriction shouldn’t preclude the global community from sharing resources, and it shouldn’t be discouraged until there is reason to believe the funds are being used to fund illegal activities. Source The Indian Express
7 Sept 2022 Daily Quiz CA
CA Daily Quiz 05 Sept 2022
03 sep 2022 Daily Current Affairs
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the Money Laundering Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India Prelims & Mains 3. About the Militancy in the Kashmir Region Prelims & Mains 4. Details of Cell Therapy to treat Cancer Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the Money Laundering:GS III Topic à Internal Security of India and Money Laundering related issues · How it operates: · Giving the impression that huge sums of money earned through illegal activities, including drug trafficking or terrorist action, come from a legitimate source is known as money laundering. · The process “launders” the money to make it appear clean because “dirty money” carries a stigma. · Simply described, it is the process of making money that originates from one source appear to originate from another. · The American Mafia organisation is where the phrase “money laundering” first appeared. Massive sums of money have been accumulated by mafia organisations through extortion, gambling, etc., and this money is then presented as legal tender. In India, the phrase “hawala transactions” is most usually used to refer to money laundering. · Issues relating to money laundering: · Global issues like money laundering and terrorism financing not only jeopardise security but also the efficiency, openness, and stability of financial systems, posing a threat to the health of the economy as a whole. · According to the International Monetary Fund, money laundering generates $590 billion to $1.5 trillion annually, or around two to five percent of global GDP. · Money laundering can have a disastrous effect on a nation’s economy and social structure, particularly in developing or unstable countries. · What Takes Place When Money Is Laundered: · Money laundering is a three-step procedure that conceals unlawful activity under what seems to be a normal financial transaction. · The first stage of the process begins with the entry of the proceeds of crime into the established financial system. We refer to this as placement; in the second stage, injected funds are stacked and dispersed across a number of transactions to conceal their dubious source. The third and final stage entails the introduction of monies into the financial system with the intention of erasing their initial ties to illicit activity so that the offender or beneficiary can use them as clean funds. This process is known as “layering.” This is an allusion to integration. · Money laundering threats are changing: · Money launderers now have more access points as a result of the rise in popularity of non-cash payment methods like prepaid cards, online transactions, and mobile payments. · These new payment methods are susceptible to money laundering activities because of the quick transaction speed and the infrequent face-to-face interactions between the person initiating the transaction and the service provider. · The increased demand for financial institutions to identify and enrol their customers online is being abused by money launderers. · The intricacy of trade networks is exploited by trade-based money laundering, which typically occurs in international settings where the interaction of several parties and governments makes CDD procedures and AML checks more difficult. · Globalization’s impact on money laundering: · The quick growth of financial information, technology, and communication has made it possible for money to flow quickly and easily around the world. This makes fighting money laundering more important than ever. · It becomes more challenging to pinpoint the source of “dirty money” the farther it penetrates the world banking system. · It is challenging to make an accurate estimation of the entire amount of money that passes through the laundry cycle due to the covert nature of money-laundering. · The three Fs—finding, freezing, and forfeiting—of illicitly obtained income and assets—have become more challenging as a result of recent changes to the global banking system. · The practise of conducting financial transactions in dollars, also known as the “dollarization” of illicit markets, the broader push for financial deregulation, the expansion of the Euromarket, and the establishment of financial secrecy havens are a few examples. · The financial infrastructure has evolved into a continuously operating worldwide system that allows “megabyte money” (i.e., money in the form of symbols on computer screens) to go anywhere in the world swiftly and easily thanks to advancements in technology and communications. · Indian measures to combat money laundering: · Before the Prevention of Money Laundering Act of 2002 (PMLA) was passed in India, the main statutes that included steps to address the issue of money laundering were: · The 1961 Income Tax Act · The 1974 Act to Conserve Foreign Exchange and Prevent Smuggling Activities (COFEPOSA) · Act of 1976 against Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (SAFEMA) · Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPSA) Act 1985 · Prohibiting Benami transactions Act 1988 · Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) · PMLA: Prevention of Money Laundering Act of 2002: · The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 was passed to outlaw the practise and make provisions for the forfeiture of assets obtained through money laundering. · The Financial Intelligence Unit-India is required to receive information on such transactions in the prescribed format from banking firms, financial institutions, and intermediaries, as well as to verify and maintain records of all client identities (FIU-IND). · If a banking business, financial institution, or intermediary—or one of its officers—fails to comply with the Act’s requirements, it gives the Director of FIU-IND the authority to sanction those parties. · 2015’s Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act: · by outlining the process for dealing with such income and assets, to address the threat of the black money that exists in the form of undeclared overseas income and assets. · Amendment to the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act of 2015: · It intends to broaden the definition of “Benami Transactions” and details the punishment that will be meted out to anyone who engages in one. · The Prevention of Money Laundering Act gives specific officers of the Directorate
02 sept 2022
. No. Topic Name Prelims/Mains 1. About the National Register of Citizens (NRC) Prelims & Mains 2. Details of the Space Debris Prelims & Mains 3. About the National Company Law Tribunal Prelims & Mains 4. Details of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Prelims Specific Topic 5. About the Food Inflation Prelims Specific Topic 1 – About the National Register of Citizens (NRC):GS I Indian Polity · Details: · NRC stands for National Register of Citizens. · Following the completion of the Census of 1951 in each village, a register known as the National Register of Citizens, 1951, was compiled. Each residence or piece of property’s population is listed, along with their names, and is shown in serial order. · 1951 marked the only publication of the NRC. · The NRC of Assam: · The large illegal influx to Assam from what was previously East Pakistan and, after 1971, from what is now Bangladesh called for an update. · From 1979 to 1985, a six-year deportation of illegal immigrants agitation took place in Assam. · The All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) led the movement calling for the NRC to be updated and all unlawful migrants who entered Assam after 1951 to be deported. · The Assam Accord was signed in 1985, which marked the culmination of the struggle. · The cutoff date for deporting unauthorised immigrants was established on March 25, 1971. · The cutoff date for Articles 5 and 6 of the Constitution was July 19, 1949; as a result, the Citizenship Act of 1955 was modified and a new clause was added to reflect the updated date. · The only place it applied was Assam. · In response to AASU and other Assam organisations’ persistent requests for the NRC to be updated, an Assam-based NGO filed a suit with the Supreme Court. · A divided Supreme Court bench mandated that the NRC be updated as quickly as practicable in December 2014. · Electoral Rolls from 1971 and the NRC from 1951 are two examples of legacy data (up to midnight on March 24, 1971). Indian citizenship is available to anybody whose name is on these documents and to their offspring. · Impact: · After the NRC is changed, rumours regarding the true number of illegal immigrants in Assam and the rest of the country are expected to stop. · A validated dataset will be made available to facilitate meaningful discussions and the implementation of policies. · The release of an updated NRC is intended to discourage future Bangladeshi immigrants from entering Assam illegally. · The new NRC has already created the perception that anyone entering Assam illegally runs the possibility of being detained, jailed, and deported. · More importantly, it may be much more difficult for illegal immigrants to get Indian identity cards and to enjoy all the rights and privileges to which all Indian citizens are entitled. · Everyone who speaks Bengali in Assam and once thought they were Bangladeshis will be relieved to see their names on the NRC. · Challenges: · Process mistakes: People who appeared on the first list, which was published on January 1, 2018, did not appear on the second list. The list did not include the family of a past Indian president. · The simultaneous operations of the NRC, the voter list kept by the Election Commission, and the Foreigners’ Tribunals, which are assisted by the Assam Border Police, have resulted in complete confusion. · The programme has a deadline for re-verification, but it will be exceedingly challenging to manually check everyone on the list. · The courts, which are now handling a huge number of open cases, may become overloaded as a result of such “non citizens” being able to use the legal system to bolster their citizenship claim. · What will happen to those who weren’t on the list is unknown. · Expulsion to Bangladesh is not a possibility because Dhaka has never acknowledged that they are its people or that illegal immigration is a problem. India is not allowed to forcibly return illegal immigrants to Bangladesh without a signed agreement. · Bringing up this problem will also damage relations with Dhaka. Such an endeavour would be harmful to the nation’s international position and bilateral relations. · Large-scale prison facilities are an option to deportation, albeit it’s unlikely that this would happen in a mature democracy like India. · Another choice would be to implement work licences, which would remove people’s political voice while giving them limited legal rights to work. What will happen to these people’s progeny, though, is unclear. · NRC seems to be an endless process because uncertainty has no beginning or end. · Source à The Hindu 2 – Details of the Space Debris:GS II Space and Technology · What Is Space Debris, Exactly? · The continuous use of space-based technology that supports crucial operations including communication, transportation, weather and climate monitoring, and remote sensing is threatened by space debris. · Predicting the likelihood of collision with these space objects is crucial for both national security and the maintenance of Indian public and commercial space assets. · Total amount of orbiting debris: · The true amount of space debris is estimated to be between 500,000 and one million pieces, although this figure is simply an estimate because smaller objects cannot yet be detected by present sensor equipment. They all travel at up to 28,162 kph (17,500 mph), a fast enough speed for a little piece of orbital trash to destroy a satellite or spacecraft. · The project’s relevance: · The programme will produce a collision probability solution that is transparent, scalable, operationally adaptable, and built in India, thereby assisting the country’s $7 billion (Rs 51,334 crore) space industry. · Future developments that could help with the problem’s resolution include: · One technique to avoid a potential collision is to alter an object’s orbit, but the sheer amount of debris necessitates constant
CA Daily Quiz 02 Sep 2022
02 SEPTEMBER 2022 – DAILY MAINS QUESTIONS & SYNOPSIS:
Q1. Write a short note on the future missions of ISRO. Paper & Topic: GS III – Space related issues Model Answer: Introduction: In the 1960s, India started making investments in space research and technology. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has historically prioritised social development as the primary goal of space technology applications, rather than addressing strategic or security goals. Since its modest beginnings five decades ago, India’s space programme has evolved rapidly, and it has now earned the right to be regarded as a major player in the space arena. The worth of the global space business is currently estimated to reach $350 billion, and by 2025, it is expected to surpass $550 billion. , Body: ISRO’s upcoming missions are planned: The Gaganyaan project is a crewed orbital spacecraft that can travel seven days in space with three passengers on board. · It is anticipated to be finished prior to 2022. o The Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC), which will oversee the Gaganyaan Project, was recently established to supervise the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP). The first Lagrangian point (L1) between the Sun and Earth is where Aditya-L1, India’s first solar observatory, will be situated. At this point, the dynamic gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth approximately cancels out. o Using its seven instruments, it will examine the Sun’s atmosphere and surface. A Venus orbiter mission called Shukrayaan will be launched in 2025 with the specific goals of examining Venus’ surface and subsurface, atmospheric chemistry, and interactions with the sun’s wind. Venus’ atmosphere contains a gas that on Earth is associated with living things. Numerous expeditions to Venus have been suggested in light of the recent indications of possible extraterrestrial life. Phosphine molecules were discovered on Venus in September 2020; they may be a biosignature of microbial life. In order to comprehend the evolution and potential conditions on Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars, scientists also utilise Venus as a model. The country’s second space observatory will be the X-ray Polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat), which will be smaller and more focused. It will research how cosmic objects that are in Earth’s orbit polarise their X-ray emissions. India’s satellite-based data relay system: India aims to launch a new satellite series dubbed IDRSS this year in order to track and communicate with its own space assets from orbit. To enable satellite to satellite communication and data transfer, a pair of two IDRSS spacecraft will be launched into geostationary orbit. Other Indian satellites, particularly those in low-Planet orbits (LEO), which have less coverage of the earth, will be tracked, sent, and received in real-time. It will also be helpful in monitoring launches and helping the Gaganyaan mission crew maintain mission control while they are in transit. In 2022, Chandrayaan-3, a lander and a rover towards the moon, will launch. ISRO’s challenges in its space endeavours: Astronaut training: India lacks the necessary facilities, despite ISRO’s repeated requests since the early 2000s for local training facilities for its astronauts. Projects need large investments and run the risk of failing. Biosciences: While ISRO has mastered the engineering components of the mission, bioscience is a new subject for ISRO and calls for more technical expertise as well as collaboration and support from other organisations. Enhancing the GSLV Mk III: Gaganyaan requires a massive rocket with the ability to lift a big capsule. Large satellites can be launched into orbit using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark III, although this rocket must now be suitable for use by people. Technology precision: A system’s reliability must be high enough to permit a failure rate of only one out of every 500 launches. Way ahead: Either setting up a specific road map within ISRO for India’s commercial space programme or creating a distinct Space Commerce entity that is independent of ISRO for space-related operations. Promoting startups because they are scalable globally and have the potential to surpass product/service offerings coming from India. By offering mentoring, ISRO enables the private sector to effectively utilise the technical experience developed by ISRO. Space legislation adoption: To establish clear timetables for the commercial space industry’s pursuit of space operations in terms of regulatory, legal, and procedural frameworks. It was suggested to promote and govern India’s space operations through the Draft Space Activities Bill, 2017. It discussed how the Department of Space supervised and gave permission for private sector organisations to participate in space activities in India. Q2. Write a short note on use of money power in elections. Paper & Topic: GS II – Election related issues Model Answer: Introduction: With several upcoming Assembly elections, one problem might require more focus than others. Money is spent heavily on elections today. Depending on estimates, a candidate may invest crores of rupees in a single constituency. Voters overlook this crucial issue amid the cacophony of campaigns, leaders, celebrities, and media attention. Political parties are thought to be the biggest and most immediate beneficiaries, and money lies at the heart of India’s political corruption problem. Election corruption results in diminished accountability, distorted representation, and asymmetry in governance. Transparency in election funding is required as a result. Body: Background: Voters support political parties because they promise to benefit the populace. The governments in power are more obligated to the donors than to the electorate if election financing come from other sources. For instance, according to the Government Budget, the Government lost 2. 24 lakh crore in 2019–20 as a result of incentives to enterprises and a reduction in tariffs and taxes. The voters are unaware of this. After the introduction of Electoral Bonds, there is no longer any transparency in fundraising. All political parties have refused to submit to the transparency that comes with Right to Information despite the CIC judgement. Additionally, financial restrictions lack clarity. Issues with finance for elections: Donation obscurity: The majority of political parties’ funding (about 70%) comes from financial donations made anonymously. Additionally, parties are exempt from income tax, giving black money hoarders a conduit. For instance, the legal status