◇For the time being, the official language of the Union (i.e., English) would remain the link language forcommunications between the Union and the states or between various states. ◇ But, two or more states are free to agree to use Hindi (instead of English) for communication between themselves. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar are some of the states that have entered into such agreements. ◇The Official Languages Act (1963) lays down that English should be used for purposes of communication between the Union and the non-Hindi states (that is, the states that have not adopted Hindi as their official language). Further, where Hindi is used for communication between a Hindiand a non-Hindi state, such communication in Hindi should be accompanied by an English translation.
LANGUAGE OF THE JUDICIARY AND TEXTS OF LAWS
The constitutional provisions dealing with the language of the courts and legislation are as follows: ◇ Until Parliament provides otherwise, the following are to be in the English language only: (a) All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every high court. (b) The authoritative texts of all bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations and bye-laws at the Central and state levels. ◇ However, the governor of a state, with the previous consent of the president, can authorize the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state, in the proceedings in the high court of the state, but not with respect to the judgements, decrees and orders passed by it. In other words, the judgements, decrees and orders of the high court must continue to be in English only (until Parliament otherwise provides).5.4K08:30 PM◇ Similarly, a state legislature can prescribe the use of any language (other than English) with respect tobills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations or bye-laws, but a translation of the same in the Englishlanguage is to be published. • The Official Languages Act of 1963 lays down that Hindi translation ofacts, ordinances, orders, regulations and byelaws published under the authority of the president aredeemed to be authoritative texts. Further, every bill introduced in the Parliament is to be accompanied.by a Hindi translation. Similarly, there is to be a Hindi translation of state acts or ordinances in certain cases.
OBJECTIVES OF THE NDMA
◇ To promote a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through knowledge, innovation and education. ◇ To encourage mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and environmental sustainability. ◇ To mainstream disaster management into the developmental planning process. ◇ To establish institutional and techno-legal frameworks to create an enabling regulatory environment and a compliance regime.◇ To ensure efficient mechanism for identification, assessment and monitoring of disaster risks. ◇ To develop contemporary forecasting and early warning systems backed by responsive and failsafe communication with information technology support. ◇ To ensure efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerabl
REGULATING ACT 1773
◇ Governor of Bengal will now be Governor-General of Bengal. ◇ Created an Executive Council of 4 members to assist him. ◇ First Governor General was Warren Hastings. ◇ Establishment of Supreme court in Calcutta. Comprising 1 CJI and 3 other Judges. ◇ Prohibited the Servants from engaging in any Private Trades and taking Bribesfrom Natives. ◇ Court of Directors will report about the functioning of EIC to Government
CHARTER ACT 1833
◇ Governor-General of Bengal now made the Governor- General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. ◇ It deprived the Governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. ◇ It ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body, which became a purely administrative body. ◇ Attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil servants andstated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the Company.
CHARTER ACT OF 1853
◇ Separated Legislative and Executive functions of Governor-General’s council. ◇ It provided for Addition of Six new members to the Council. ◇ It introduced open Competition for Selection and recruitment of Civil servants.◇ Extended Company’s rule of Indian possession on behalf of British Govt. But did notspecify any particular period. ◇It introduced Local representation in Indian (central) Legislative Council. ◇ Of 6 new members 4 members appointed by Local Governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, and Agra
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1858
◇ India will now be governed by, and in the name of, Her Majesty. ◇ Designation of Governor-General of India will now be changed to that of Viceroy ofIndia. ◇ It ended the system of Double government by abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors.◇ Created a new office, Secretary of State for India, vested with complete authority and control overAdministration. ◇ It established a 15 – member council of india to assist the secretary of state of India. ◇ It constituted the secretary of state in council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India
INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909 [PART 1]
This Act is also known as Morley-Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was the then Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India). □ The features of this Act were as follows :- ◇ It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and provincial. Thenumber of members in the Central legislative council was raised from 16 to 60. The numberof members in the provincial legislative councils was not uniform. ◇ It retained official majority in the Central legislative council, but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non official majority. ◇ It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget and so on
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1919[PART 3]-
◇ It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to himsome of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India. ◇ It provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a CentralPublic Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants. ◇ It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget andauthorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets. ◇ It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its workingafter ten years of its coming into force
SIMON COMMISSION
◇ In November 1927 the British Government announced the appointment a seven-member statutory commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to report on the condition of India under its new Constitution. ◇ All members of the commission were British and hence, all parties boycotted commission. ◇ The commission submitted its report in 1930 and recommended the abolition of dyarchy, extension of responsible Government in the provinces, establishment of a federation of British India and princely states, continuation of communal electorate and so on. ◇ To consider the proposals of the commission, the British Government convened three round table conferences of the representatives of the British Government, British India and Indian princely states. ◇ On the basis of these discussions, a ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms was prepared and submitted.